Simulation for Sludge Flocculation I: Brownian Dynamic Simulation for Perikinetic Flocculation of Charged Particle

To investigate sludge drying process, a numerical simulation based on Brownian dynamic for the floc with uncharged and charged particles was conducted. The Langevin equation is used as dynamical equation for tracking each particle in a floc. An initial condition and periodic boundary condition which well conformed to reality is used for calculating the floc growth process. Each cell consists of 1000 primary particles with diameter 0.1 ∼ 4 μm. Floc growth is related to the thermal force and the electrostatic force. The electrostatic force on a particle in the simulation cell is considered as the sum of electrostatic forces from other particles in the original cell and its replicate cells. It is assumed that flocs are charged with precharged primary particles in dispersion system by ionization. By the analysis of the simulation figures, on one hand, the effects of initial particle size and sludge density on floc smashing time, floc radius of gyration, and fractal dimension were discussed. On the other hand, the effects of ionization on floc smashing time and floc structure were presented. This study has important practical value in the high-turbidity water treatment, especially for sludge drying

Effects of water level fluctuation on thermal stratification in a typical tributary bay of Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Xiangxi River is a typical tributary of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China. Based on field observations in 2010, thermal stratification was significant in most months of the year. Through field data analysis and numerical simulations, the seasonal and spatial variation of thermal stratification as related to the impact of the operation of TGR were investigated. Thermal stratification was most pronounced from April to September in the Xiangxi River tributary. Air temperature (AT) and water level (WL) were the two dominant variables impacting thermal stratification. AT affected the surface water temperature promoting the formation of thermal stratification, and high WLs in TGR deepened the thermocline depth and thermocline bottom depth. These results provide a preliminary description of the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of thermal stratification, which is important for better understanding how thermal stratification affects algae blooms in Xiangxi River

Modele de transport complet en riviere avec granulometrie etendue

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Effects of Water Level Fluctuation on Thermal Stratification in a Typical Tributary Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Xiangxi River is a typical tributary of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China. Based on field observations in 2010, thermal stratification was significant in most months of the year. Through field data analysis and numerical simulations, the seasonal and spatial variation of thermal stratification as related to the impact of the operation of TGR were investigated. Thermal stratification was most pronounced from April to September in the Xiangxi River tributary. Air temperature (AT) and water level (WL) were the two dominant variables impacting thermal stratification. AT affected the surface water temperature promoting the formation of thermal stratification, and high WLs in TGR deepened the thermocline depth and thermocline bottom depth. These results provide a preliminary description of the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of thermal stratification, which is important for better understanding how thermal stratification affects algae blooms in Xiangxi River

Thermal Stratification and its Relationship With Water Quality in the Typical Tributary Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The effect of thermal stratification and its relationship with water quality was researched by field observation in this study. Through assessing the degree of thermal stratification by calculating the dimensionless parameter of thermal resistance to mixing (RTRM) indices from 2008 to 2010, it indicated that the water body of Xiangxi River was stratified strongly in the summer months. The analysis of the degree of thermal stratification with both the meteorological and hydrodynamic factors showed thermal stratification intensity was more sensitive to meteorological factors in Xiangxi River. Through the analysis of the relationship between thermal stratification and water quality, the results indicated that the concentration of Chlorophyll a was higher in the epilimnion affected by the thermal stratification, which could cause algal bloom. The results may further help to evaluate the thermal stratification role in eutrophication process and algal bloom formation in Xiangxi River

Comprehensive Characteristics of Summer Deep Convection over Tibetan Plateau and Its South Slope from the Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory

Observational data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory during four summers (2014–2017) has been used to investigate deep convection systems (DCSs) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its south slope (SS). The frequency, geographical distribution diurnal variation, and vertical structure of DCSs over the TP and SS are compared among these two regions. The frequency of DCSs over the SS (0.98%) was far higher than over the TP (0.15%), suggesting that stronger DCSs occur to the east and south of the TP. The maximum number of DCS occurred in July and August. A clear diurnal variation in DCS was found over the whole region, DCSs over the TP and SS both have a greatest amplitude in the afternoon. The probability of DCSs from 1200 to 1800 local time (LT) was 76.3% and 44.1% over TP and SS respectively, whereas the probability of DCSs being generated from 2200 (LT) to 0600 on the next day LT was 0.03% and 33.1% over the TP and SS respectively. There was a very low frequency of DCSs over the TP during the night. Five special echo top heights were used to investigate the vertical structure of DCSs. DCSs over the TP were both weaker and smaller than those over the SS

STUDY ON THE SUGAR-ACID RATIO AND RELEVANT METABOLIZING ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN NAVEL ORANGE FRUITS FROM DIFFERENT ECO-REGIONS

ABSTRACT The flavor quality of citrus fruits is largely determined by the sugar-acid ratio, but it remains uncertain how sugar- and/or acid-metabolizing enzymes regulate the sugar-acid ratio of navel oranges and further affect the fruit quality. In the present study, Robertson navel oranges (Citrus sinesis Osb.) were collected from six representative habitats in three eco-regions of Sichuan, China. The changes in the sugar-acid ratio and the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS), cytosolic cio-aconitase (ACO), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) were examined in navel oranges during fruit development. The results indicated that the sugar-acid ratio of fruits in different eco-regions changed significantly from 150 days after full bloom. The SPS and cytosolic ACO fruit activities had minor changes among different ecoregions throughout the experimental periods, whereas the activities of SS and IDH changed significantly in fruits among three eco-regions. Furthermore, the sugar-acid ratio and the activities of SS in the synthetic direction and IDH were the highest in south subtropics and the lowest in north mid-subtropics, probably due to the effects of climate conditions and/or other relevant eco-factors. It demonstrated that SS in the synthetic direction and IDH were of greater importance in regulating the sugar-acid ratio of navel oranges in different eco-regions, which provided new insights into the factors that determine the flavor quality of navel oranges and valuable data for guiding relevant agricultural practices

<i>NpPP2-B10</i>, an F-Box-Nictaba Gene, Promotes Plant Growth and Resistance to Black Shank Disease Incited by <i>Phytophthora nicotianae</i> in <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>

Black shank, a devastating disease affecting tobacco production worldwide, is caused by Phytophthora nicotianae. However, few genes related to Phytophthora resistance have been reported in tobacco. Here, we identified NpPP2-B10, a gene strongly induced by P. nicotianae race 0, with a conserved F-box motif and Nictaba (tobacco lectin) domain, in the highly resistant tobacco species Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. NpPP2-B10 is a typical F-box-Nictaba gene. When it was transferred into the black shank-susceptible tobacco cultivar ‘Honghua Dajinyuan’, it was found to promote resistance to black shank disease. NpPP2-B10 was induced by salicylic acid, and some resistance-related genes (NtPR1, NtPR2, NtCHN50, and NtPAL) and resistance-related enzymes (catalase and peroxidase) were significantly upregulated in the overexpression lines after infection with P. nicotianae. Furthermore, we showed that NpPP2-B10 actively regulated the tobacco seed germination rate, growth rate, and plant height. The erythrocyte coagulation test of purified NpPP2-B10 protein showed that NpPP2-B10 had plant lectin activity, and the lectin content in the overexpression lines was significantly higher than that in the WT, which could lead to accelerated growth and improved resistance of tobacco. SKP1 is an adaptor protein of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP1, Cullin, F-box (SCF) complex. We demonstrated that NpPP2-B10 could interact with the NpSKP1-1A gene in vivo and in vitro through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), indicating that NpPP2-B10 likely participates in the plant immune response by mediating the ubiquitin protease pathway. In conclusion, our study provides some important insights concerning NpPP2-B10-mediated regulation of tobacco growth and resistance