Practical Approach for Preparation of Unsymmetric Benzils from β‑Ketoaldehydes

An efficient and practical method for the synthesis of unsymmetric benzils from readily available β-keto­aldehydes has been developed. Various unsymmetric 1,2-diaryl­diketones bearing functional groups have been obtained in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. A plausible mechanism was proposed, and α,α-dichloro­ketone was considered as the key intermediate. The generation of α,α-dichloro­ketones from β-keto­aldehydes may undergo the following steps: (1) oxidation by sodium hypochlorite, (2) decarboxylation, and (3) chlorination by Cl₂ generated from sodium hypochlorite

Lactate Dehydrogenase B Is Associated with the Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

<div><p>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) comprises a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with poor therapeutic outcomes and high glycolytic dependency. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens of docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) are currently accepted as standard regimens for HNSCC patients with a high risk of distant metastatic spread. However, the antitumor outcomes of TPF neoadjuvant chemotherapy in HNSCC remain controversial. This study investigated the role of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), a key glycolytic enzyme catalyzing the inter-conversion between pyruvate and lactate, in determining chemotherapy response and prognosis in OSCC patients. We discovered that a high protein level of LDHB in OSCC patients was associated with a poor response to TPF regimen chemotherapy as well as poor overall survival and disease-free survival. Our in-depth study revealed that high LDHB expression conferred resistance to taxol but not 5-fluorouracil or cisplatin. LDHB deletion sensitized OSCC cell lines to taxol, whereas the introduction of LDHB decreased sensitivity to taxol treatment. Taxol induced a pronounced impact on LDHB-down-regulated OSCC cells in terms of apoptosis, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and energy metabolism. In conclusion, our study highlighted the critical role of LDHB in OSCC and proposed that LDHB could be used as a biomarker for the stratification of patients for TPF neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the determination of prognosis in OSCC patients.</p></div

Single Cobalt Ion-Immobilized Covalent Organic Framework for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Enhanced Rate Capabilities

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are notable for their remarkable structure, function designability, and tailorability, as well as stability, and the introduction of “open metal sites” ensures the efficient binding of small molecules and activation of substrates for heterogeneous catalysis and energy storage. Herein, we use the postsynthetic metal sites to catalyze polysulfide conversion and to boost the binding affinity to active matter for lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). A dual-pore COF, USTB-27, with hxl topology has been successfully assembled from the imine chemical reaction between 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexa(4-formylphenyl)diquinoxalino [2,3-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine and [2,2′-bipyridine]-5,5′-diamine. The chelating nitrogen sites of both modules are able to postsynthetically functionalize with single cobalt sites to generate USTB-27-Co. The discharge capacity of the sulfur-loaded S@USTB-27-Co composite in a LSB is 1063, 945, 836, 765, 696, and 644 mA h g–1 at current densities of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 C, respectively, much superior to that of non-cobalt-functionalized species S@USTB-27. Following the increased current densities, the rate performance of S@USTB-27-Co is much better than that of S@USTB-27. In particular, the capacity retention at 5.0 C has a magnificent increase from 19% for the latter species to 61% for the former one. Moreover, S@USTB-27-Co exhibits a higher specific capacity of 543 mA h g–1 than that of S@USTB-27 (402 mA h g–1) at a current density of 1.0 C after electrochemical cycling for 500 runs. This work illustrates the “open metal sites” strategy to engineer the active chemical component conversion in COF channels as well as their binding strength for specific applications

LDHB impacts the efficacy of taxol.

<p>(A, B) KB and HN12 cells were transfected with scrambled or LDHB siRNA. (A) After 72 h, LDHB expression was examined, and LDH activity was measured. (B) After 48 h, cells were washed with PBS twice followed by the addition of fresh serum-free media and extracellular lactate amount was measured at 12 h post-incubation. (C, D) KB and HN12 cells were transfected with scrambled or LDHB siRNA and then treated with DMSO or taxol for 72 h at the indicated concentrations, and cell viability was measured. (E) The LDHB stable-interference strains of KB cells were established and verified by western blotting; the clonogenic assay was conducted in shCON and shLDHB KB cells exposed to 0.5 nM taxol. (F) HN30 cells were transfected with empty vector or LDHB and treated with DMSO or taxol for 72 h at the indicated concentrations. *<i>P</i> < 0.05, compared to the control group. Mean ± SE (n = 3).</p

Combination of taxol and LDHB down-regulation exhibits a synergistic effect on cell metabolism.

<p>KB and HN12 cells were transfected with scramble or LDHB siRNA and then treated with DMSO or taxol of 10 nM for 24 h. (<b>A, B</b>) ECAR was measured by an XF96 analyzer. (<b>C, D</b>) OCR was measured by an XF96 analyzer. (<b>E, F</b>) Cell lysates were prepared, and the intracellular ATP level was determined. *<i>P</i> < 0.05, compared to the control group; ^#<i>P</i> < 0.05, compared to the taxol group. Mean ± SE (n = 3).</p

Knockdown of LDHB enhances taxol-induced apoptosis.

<p>(<b>A, B</b>) KB cells and HN12 cells were transfected with scrambled or LDHB siRNA and treated with DMSO or 10 nM taxol for 48 h. <b>(C)</b> HN30 cells were transfected with empty vector or LDHB and treated with DMSO or taxol for 48 h at the indicated concentrations. Quantification results of three independent experiments are shown on the right side.</p

Knockdown of LDHB induces the mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis pathway.

<p>KB cells were transfected with scrambled or LDHB siRNA and then treated with DMSO or 10 nM taxol for 24 h. (<b>A</b>) The mitochondria and the cytoplasm were separated and measured for cytochrome C by western blotting. COX IV was used as a marker for mitochondria. (<b>B</b>) Mitochondrial cytochrome C was measured by FACS analysis. (<b>C</b>) Cell lysates were prepared for western blotting. GAPDH was used as a loading control.</p

Correlations between LDHB and pathological parameters.

<p>*Statistically significant difference.</p><p>Correlations between LDHB and pathological parameters.</p

LDHB is associated with prognosis and TPF induction chemotherapy in OSCC patients.

<p>(A) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining for LDHB expression in OSCC patients. (B, C) The correlation of LDHB expression with overall survival and disease-free survival in OSCC patients (n = 107), as determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The <i>P</i> value was calculated using the log-rank test. (D) The correlation between LDHB expression and TPF induction chemotherapy efficacy in OSCC patients, as determined by cross-table analysis (n = 50).</p

MOESM1 of A novel Notch1 missense mutation (C1133Y) in the Abruptex domain exhibits enhanced proliferation and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Cell apoptosis was analyzed in HN6 and HN13 transfected cells. (A) Cleaved Caspase-3 was utilized to detect the cell apoptosis in HN6 and HN13 cells. (B) Flow cytometry was used to determine the early and late stages apoptotic cells