Urban carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) accounting based on the GPC framework: A case of the underdeveloped city of Nanchang, China

Purpose - This paper aims to provide a typical example of accounting for the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in underdeveloped cities, especially for the Poyang Lake area in China. The accounting can increase public understanding and trust in climate mitigation strategies by showing more detailed data. Design/methodology/approach - The paper uses the “Global Protocol for Community-scale greenhouse gas emission inventories (GPC)” method, a worldwide comparable framework for calculating urban CO2e emission (CE). The empirical case is an underdeveloped city, Nanchang, in China. Findings - The results show the total CE of Nanchang, containing the electricity CE of Scope 2, grew rapidly from 12.49 Mt in 1994 to 55.00 Mt in 2014, with the only recession caused by the global financial crisis in 2008. The biggest three contributors were industrial energy consumption, transportation and industrial processes, which contributed 44.71-72.06, 4.10-25.07 and 9.07-22.28 per cent, respectively, to the total CE. Almost always, more than 74.41 per cent of Nanchang’s CE was related to coal. When considering only the CEs from coal, oil and gas, these CEs per unit area of Nanchang were always greater than those of China and the world. Similarly, these CEs per gross domestic product of Nanchang were always bigger than those of the world. Thus, based on these conclusions, some specific countermeasures were recommended. Originality/value - This paper argues that the CO2e accounting of underdeveloped cities by using the GPC framework should be promoted when designing climate mitigation policies. They can provide more scientific data to justify related countermeasures

Japan's Role in Rebuilding the Rules-Based International Order

There exists some consensus that the liberal international order now is in crisis. It is both urgent and important to rebuild the rules-based international order. If the liberal international order is based on the Pax Americana, then the rules-based international order is based on the shared norms and consensus of most members of the international community. Given the strategic rivalry between the US and China, Japan should take the duty and leadership to rebuild the rules-based international order. Specifically speaking, Japan can play the following roles to contribute to the rebuilding of the rules-based international order: taking the leadership; promoting summit diplomacy; practicing the middle power strategy; and strengthening the rule of law

Error modeling and analysis of alternating measurement mode roadheader positioning system

The alternating measurement mode roadheader positioning technology will produce cumulative measurement error in the process of multiple alternating measurement, which will affect the positioning precision of roadheader. At present, the research mainly focuses on the causes of single measurement error, error distribution law and error reduction methods, but there is no research results on the error distribution law of multiple alternating measurement. By analyzing the working principle and positioning process of alternating measurement mode roadheader positioning system, the positioning error model of roadheader is established. The accuracy of the error model is verified by the graphic method, and the results show that the positioning errors obtained by the graphic method and the error model are basically the same, and and there are only 10−3 orders of magnitude errors between them. The impact of angle measurement error, distance measurement error, moving step length and distance between the roadheader and measuring platform on roadheader positioning error is studied by error model. The results show that the larger the angle measurement error, the larger the curvature of the positioning error curve, that is, the faster the error grows. And the YT axis positioning error grows faster than the XT axis. The distance measurement error has a greater impact on the XT axis positioning error, and the smaller the distance measurement error, the smaller the initial XT axis positioning error. However, the error change speed is not affected. As the moving step length increases, the YT axis positioning error curvature increases, that is, the YT axis positioning error growing speed increases. The impacts of the distance between the roadheader and measuring platform and the moving step length on roadheader positioning error are basically equivalent. The orthogonal test method is used to analyze the impact degree of each factor on the positioning error of roadheader. The results show that the distance measurement error has the greatest impact on the positioning error of the XT axis, followed by the angle measurement error. The moving step length and the distance between the roadheader and the measuring platform have the smallest impact and the two have the same degree of impact. The angle measurement error has the greatest impact on the positioning error of the YT axis, followed by the moving step length and the distance between the roadheader and the measuring platform, and the impacts of the two are the same. The impact of the distance measurement error is the smallest. The range analysis method is used to obtain the optimal parameter combination to reduce the positioning error