Digital identity, privacy security, and their legal safeguards in the Metaverse

The Metaverse is the digitization of the real world, supported by big data, AI, 5G, cloud computing, blockchain, encryption algorithm, perception technology, digital twin, virtual engine, and other technologies that interact with human behavior and thoughts in avatars through digital identity. Cracking the trust problem brought by the avatar depends on the privacy security and authentication technology for individuals using digital identities to enter the Metaverse. To accomplish personal domination of the avatar, metaverse users need privacy data feeding and emotion projection. They must be equipped with proprietary algorithms to process and analyze the complex data generated in adaptive interactions, which challenges the privacy security of user data in the Metaverse. Distinguishing the significance of different identifiers in personal identity generation while imposing different behavioral regulatory requirements on data processing levels may better balance the relationship between personal privacy security and digital identity protection and data utilization in the Metaverse. In response to digital identity issues, there is an objective need to establish a unified digital identity authentication system to gain the general trust of society. Further, the remedies for a right to personality can be applied to the scenario of unlawful infringement of digital identity and privacy security

Intelligent Automation Technologies for Machine Tool Industry

Chapter Two, Automation Door Planning Book, Executive Yuan Secretary Ministry of Science and Engineering, China, 201

ChatGPT or Grammarly? Evaluating ChatGPT on Grammatical Error Correction Benchmark

ChatGPT is a cutting-edge artificial intelligence language model developed by OpenAI, which has attracted a lot of attention due to its surprisingly strong ability in answering follow-up questions. In this report, we aim to evaluate ChatGPT on the Grammatical Error Correction(GEC) task, and compare it with commercial GEC product (e.g., Grammarly) and state-of-the-art models (e.g., GECToR). By testing on the CoNLL2014 benchmark dataset, we find that ChatGPT performs not as well as those baselines in terms of the automatic evaluation metrics (e.g., $F_{0.5}$ score), particularly on long sentences. We inspect the outputs and find that ChatGPT goes beyond one-by-one corrections. Specifically, it prefers to change the surface expression of certain phrases or sentence structure while maintaining grammatical correctness. Human evaluation quantitatively confirms this and suggests that ChatGPT produces less under-correction or mis-correction issues but more over-corrections. These results demonstrate that ChatGPT is severely under-estimated by the automatic evaluation metrics and could be a promising tool for GEC.Comment: Working in progres

Influence of the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus on the density shape of the Galactic stellar halo revealed by halo K giants from the LAMOST survey

We present a study of the influence of the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus (GSE) on the density shape of the Galactic stellar halo using 11624 K giants from the LAMOST survey. Every star is assigned a probability of being a member of the GSE based on its spherical velocities and metallicity by a Gaussian Mixture Model. We divide the stellar halo into two parts by the obtained probabilities, of which one is composed of the GSE members and defined as the GSE-related halo, and the other one is referred to as the GSE-removed halo. Using a non-parametric method, the radial number density profiles of the two stellar halos can be well described by a single power law with a variable flattening $q$ ($r = \sqrt{R^2+[(Z/q(r))]^2}, \nu = {\nu_0}r^{-\alpha}$). The index $\alpha$ is $4.92\pm0.12$ for the GSE-related halo and $4.25\pm0.14$ for the GSE-removed halo. Both the two stellar halos are vertically flattened at smaller radii but become more spherical at larger radii. We find that the GSE-related halo is less vertically flattened than the GSE-removed halo, and the difference of $q$ between the two stellar halos ranges from 0.07 to 0.15. However, after the consideration of the bias, it is thought to be within 0.08 at most of the radii. Finally, we compare our results with two Milky Way analogues which experience a significant major merger in the TNG50 simulation. The study of the two analogues also shows that the major merger-related stellar halo has a smaller ellipticity than the major merger-removed stellar halo.Comment: 19 Pages, 14 figures, Accepted by A

Optimizing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) channels for schizophrenic identification during a verbal fluency task using metaheuristic algorithms

ObjectiveWe aimed to reduce the complexity of the 52-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system to facilitate its usage in discriminating schizophrenia during a verbal fluency task (VFT).MethodsOxygenated hemoglobin signals obtained using 52-channel fNIRS from 100 patients with schizophrenia and 100 healthy controls during a VFT were collected and processed. Three features frequently used in the analysis of fNIRS signals, namely time average, functional connectivity, and wavelet, were extracted and optimized using various metaheuristic operators, i.e., genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and their parallel and serial hybrid algorithms. Support vector machine (SVM) was used as the classifier, and the performance was evaluated by ten-fold cross-validation.ResultsGA and GA-dominant algorithms achieved higher accuracy compared to PSO and PSO-dominant algorithms. An optimal accuracy of 87.00% using 16 channels was obtained by GA and wavelet analysis. A parallel hybrid algorithm (the best 50% individuals assigned to GA) achieved an accuracy of 86.50% with 8 channels on the time-domain feature, comparable to the reported accuracy obtained using 52 channels.ConclusionThe fNIRS system can be greatly simplified while retaining accuracy comparable to that of the 52-channel system, thus promoting its applications in the diagnosis of schizophrenia in low-resource environments. Evolutionary algorithm-dominant optimization of time-domain features is promising in this regard

Diazotrophic community in the sediments of Poyang Lake in response to water level fluctuations

Water level fluctuations (WLFs) are typical characteristic of floodplain lakes and dominant forces regulating the structure and function of lacustrine ecosystems. The sediment diazotrophs play important roles in contributing bioavailable nitrogen to the aquatic environment. However, the relationship between the diazotrophic community and WLFs in floodplain lakes is unknown. In this paper, we carried out a comprehensive investigation on the alpha diversity, abundance, composition and co-occurrence network of the sediment diazotrophs during different water level phases in Poyang Lake. There were no regular variation patterns in the alpha diversity and abundance of the sediment diazotrophs with the water level phase transitions. The relative abundance of some diazotrophic phyla (including Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteri, Euryarchaeota, and Firmicutes) and genera (including Geobacter, Deferrisoma, Desulfuromonas, Rivicola, Paraburkholderia, Methylophilus, Methanothrix, Methanobacterium, and Clostridium) was found to change with the water level phase transitions. The results of ANOSIM, PerMANOVA, and DCA at the OTU level showed that the diazotrophic community structure in the low water level phase was significantly different from that in the two high water level phases, while there was no significant difference between the two high water level phases. These results indicated that the diazotrophic community was affected by the declining water level in terms of the composition, while the rising water level contributed to the recoveries of the diazotrophic community. The diazotrophs co-occurrence network was disrupted by the declining water level, but it was strengthened by the rising water level. Moreover, redundancy analysis showed that the variation of the diazotrophic community composition was mostly related to sediment total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP). Interestingly, the levels of sediment TN and TP were also found to vary with the water level phase transitions. Therefore, it might be speculated that the WLFs may influence the sediment TN and TP, and in turn influence the diazotrophic community composition. These data can contribute to broadening our understanding of the ecological impacts of WLFs and the nitrogen fixation process in floodplain lakes

A positioning method of BDS receiver under weak signal circumstances based on Compressed Fractional-Step

U ovom se radu predlaže sažeta metoda frakcijskog koraka koja se odnosi na pozicioniranje BDS prijemnika u uvjetima slabog signala. Zatim se analiziraju karakteristike BDS konstelacije i poboljšava originalni algoritam zasnovan na dinamičkim uvjetima miješane konstelacije raznih satelita. U odnosu na neodređenost decimale tisućinke sekunde nastale zbog greške sata prijemnika pri izračunu, ovaj rad razvija način obrade proširenja dimenzija pretrage i korištenja metode frakcijskog koraka implicirane informacije o elevaciji prijemnika koja se zatim substituira u jednadžbu kao promatrana količina kako bi se smanjila izračunata količina neodređenosti. U zaključku se kaže da u najnepovoljnijim uvjetima ova metoda može smanjiti gotovo polovicu količine izračuna čitave druge fuzzy pretrage vremena emisije signala. U radu se također predlaže metoda skraćenja proračuna kako bi se smanjio raspon između približnog položaja i greške na satu zasnovana na karakateristici da je dinamika ne-MEO satelita među BDS satelitima mala. Uključujući ne-MEO satelite u računanje, sateliti mogu smanjiti potrebe za točnošću lokalnog sata prijemnika. Teorijski, računanje uporabom čistih GEO satelita može proširiti potrebu od 187,5 s na 1500 s. Imajući u vidu rezultate simulacije, proizlazi da kada je informacija o elevaciji poznata i točna, prvim se korakom računanja frakcijskog koraka može zadovoljiti potreba za pozicioniranjem. Inače, drugim se korakom računanja može dobiti točno pozicioniranje i postići rapidno pozicioniranje u uvjetima slabog signala.This article puts forward the compression fractional-step method which applies to the positioning of BDS receivers under weak signal circumstances. It then analyses the features of BDS constellation and improves the original algorithm based on various satellites’ dynamic conditions of mixed constellation. With respect to the ambiguity of the decimal of milliseconds arising from the clock error of receivers in the process of calculation, this article advances a processing mode of extending search dimension and a fractional-step method of employing the implied elevation information of receivers which is then substituted into the equation as the observed quantity to reduce the calculation amount of ambiguity. It concludes that in the most adverse circumstances this method can reduce nearly half of the calculation amount of the whole second fuzzy search of signals’ emission time. This article also brings forward the compression calculation method to compress the range between the approximate position and clock error based on the feature that the dynamic of non-MEO satellites among BDS satellites is small. Taking non-MEO satellites as calculation, satellites can reduce the accuracy requirements of the local clock of receivers. In theory, calculation through using pure GEO satellites can broaden the requirement from 187,5 s to 1500 s. In the light of simulation results, it turns out that when the elevation information is known and precise, the first step of fractional-step calculation is capable of meeting the requirement of positioning. Otherwise, the second step of calculation can obtain the accurate positioning and achieve the rapid positioning under weak signal circumstances