Official vs. Applied Multilingualism: Comparative Study of the Language Regimes and Legal Systems of Ethiopia and the European Union

This thesis investigates the practical application of laws governing official multilingualism in the Ethiopian legal system. Using functionalism as a legal research method, it compares the Ethiopian language regime with that of the European Union (EU) to explore how each system manages linguistic diversity. Despite significant differences, the laws governing official multilingualism in both systems serve the shared objective of determining the officially recognized languages, prescribing the languages used in lawmaking procedures, and specifying the authority granted to each language version of a law when interpreted by the courts. The EU language regime is characterized by strong legal multilingualism, where all language versions are considered equally authentic. In contrast, Ethiopia's system is categorized as reflecting weak legal multilingualism, primarily because it grants precedence to the Amharic version over the English version of laws in case of discrepancies. Despite these differences, the research uncovers, in both systems, a tension between ensuring the equality of languages and addressing practical concerns in the laws governing official language use. Legal translation also plays a significant role in drafting multilingual laws in both systems, which is demonstrated by the role of EU-English in the EU legislative process and the two-way translation of laws between English and Amharic in the Ethiopian federal legislative process. Finally, the study shows that linguistic divergences between different language versions of a law, inherent in both systems of strong and weak legal multilingualism, pose a challenge while also offering an opportunity to facilitate the interpretation of multilingual legal texts. The research lays the base for future studies on language and law in Ethiopia. It also informs legal translators and judges about the complexities in resolving translation problems in multilingual legal contexts

"Issues and maize bread taste good when they're cool": Temperature terms and their metaphorical extensions in Kambaata (Cushitic)

International audienceThis paper is an analysis of the basic and extended meanings of temperature lexemes and the grammar of temperature expressions in Kambaata in comparison to related Highland East Cushitic languages of Ethiopia. Globally, Kambaata has a system of two opposing temperature values, ‘cold’ vs. ‘warm/hot’. The lexeme iib- ‘be(come) warm/hot’ contrasts with caal- ‘be(come) tactile cold’ in the tactile frame of temperature evaluation, while it contrasts with gid- ‘be(come) non-tactile cold’ in the domain of ambient (weather) and personal-feeling (inner) temperature. In addition to these central lexemes, Kambaata has a number of terms that are semantically more restricted, are less frequent and/or have an unequivocal positive or negative connotation, including, e.g., sigg- ‘be(come) comfortably cold or warm, cool’ and buss- ‘burn (tr.); be dangerously, excessively hot’. Irrespective of the temperature value, the expression of personal-feeling temperature is constructionally different from that of ambient temperature and tactile temperature; for the former a transitive, for the latter an intransitive construction is used. As for the extended uses of temperature terms, Kambaata maps warmth/heat onto freshness, busyness, and anger, and links burning heat to anger, spiciness and raging thirst. Unlike many other languages in the world, Kambaata does not relate warmth/heat to affection. Furthermore, Kambaata conceptualizes inactivity, ineptness and fear as tactile cold but the absence of emotional and physical pain as non-tactile cold. Coolness is linked metaphorically to calmness and absence of thirst. In the Highland East Cushitic branch of languages, ‘warm/hot’ is the most stable term, whereas six seemingly non-cognate roots are used for ‘tactile cold’ and/or ‘non-tactile cold’

Iodine Status and Cognitive Function Of Mother-child Pairs in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia

Department of Nutritional Science

The calling of the church in Ethiopia : a conflicted society

The current Ethiopian government established the ‘Identity and Boundary Affairs Commission’ in order to solve the conflicts that arise from identity and geographical boundary quests. It is believed that these conflicts are the effects of lack of real and holistic transformation. The word transformation has been put into use by various secular and faith-based organisations. However, real and holistic transformation is characterised by two qualities: True identity and true vocation of humanity. It is the lack of a clear understanding of identity and vocation that has affected the Ethiopian Kale Hiwot Church to witness the hope and new life in Christ. Furthermore, their eschatological position contributes significantly to their weak socio-economic involvements. The impact of these factors – identity, calling (vocation) and eschatology – influence the maturia of the church as well as their participation in the missio Dei to proclaim and establish the Kngdom of God.https://journals.sagepub.com/home/TRNhj2023Practical Theolog

Regaining a perspective on holistic mission : an assessment of the role of the Wolaita Zone Kale Heywet Church in Southern Ethiopia

Thesis (M.A. (Missiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.Based on the missional experiences of the Wolaita Zone Kale Heywet Church (WZKHC) in Southern Ethiopia, this dissertation argues the indispensable nature of the holistic approach to mission in order to fulfil the missional responsibility of the church effectively. Balance must be kept between the two aspects of mission (evangelism and social concern) and they need to be integrated as working towards a single goal of proclaiming the Kingdom of God. In other words, neither of the two aspects of mission may to be magnified at the expense of the other nor should they be dichotomized as two unrelated parts. Mission emerges from the nature of God. Ever since the creation of the universe God has been at work and the church takes part in what he is doing. God's mission is holistic. Through Jesus Christ, He is working towards the redemption of the whole creation to its originally intended state. The research attempts to give attention to this concept as the Kingdom-oriented (Messio Dei) mission versus church-centered mission in light of holistic approach. To weigh the experience of the church (WZKHC) from the perspective of the Scripture, OT and NT analysis will be done in detail. Furthermore, the eschatological views pertinent to the final state of the creation and millennium will also be assessed in order to find out their contribution as a root of imbalance or polarization between evangelism and social concern. The aim of the study is to find out the factors that contribute to the imbalanced and non integrated approach to mission in the WZKHC in order to help the church regain the holistic perspective. This would be done mainly through qualitative research method, although quantitative approach is also employed rarely.Master

Social responsiveness and transformation in the Ethiopian Evangelical churches : a missiological appraisal

PhD (Missiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom CampusSocio-economic crises are looming from time to time globally as well as locally. Millions of people, both believers and non-believers, fall victim to the crises caused by poverty, civil unrest, forced displacement, ill-administration, corruption, and other worldwide tragic events, and their call for help and justice echoes around us every minute and hour. The church as the agent of God’s kingdom on earth needs to take primary position with regard to addressing this dilemma; but from the Ethiopian context, this fact seems the other way round. This study set out to uncover the root causes for the trivial involvement of the Ethiopian evangelical churches in addressing socio-economic problems, as well as recommend biblical missiological solutions from the perspective of the call of the church to build the kingdom of God through holistic ministry, part of which is social and economic responsiveness and transformation. While the research is conducted within the framework of global evangelicalism, attention is mostly focused on addressing the subject matter from the Ethiopian evangelical context.Doctora

Straffrabatt för unga myndiga -En idèanalys om debatten kring straffrabatten för unga myndiga

The Swedish penalty system has created a fierce and lively debate during the past years. Thisdebate originates mostly from the youth discount that offenders between the age of 18 and 20can make use of. There is a clear division between the argumentative sides when it comes tothis particular debate. One side argues for the removal of this criminal discount for youngadults, whilst the other side are against it.The purpose of this study is to examine the different underlying perspectives that theserespective sides have. The method of evaluation I will be using in this study is a descriptiveideaanalysis of constructive ideal types. The theoretical framework that these ideal typesstems from are proportionality, justice, general prevention and individual prevention. Thestudy has displayed that the debate regarding this criminal discount for young adults has hadelements of all four of these attributes. There exists fundamental differences in the underlyingideas when it comes to both sides in this specific discount towards young adults. Theopposition side has clear general prevention ideas behind their arguments, whereas the sidethat are in favor of the discount inherently believes in the ideas that regard proportionality,justice and individual prevention

"Issues and maize bread taste good when they're cool": Temperature terms and their metaphorical extensions in Kambaata (Cushitic)

International audienceThis paper is an analysis of the basic and extended meanings of temperature lexemes and the grammar of temperature expressions in Kambaata in comparison to related Highland East Cushitic languages of Ethiopia. Globally, Kambaata has a system of two opposing temperature values, ‘cold’ vs. ‘warm/hot’. The lexeme iib- ‘be(come) warm/hot’ contrasts with caal- ‘be(come) tactile cold’ in the tactile frame of temperature evaluation, while it contrasts with gid- ‘be(come) non-tactile cold’ in the domain of ambient (weather) and personal-feeling (inner) temperature. In addition to these central lexemes, Kambaata has a number of terms that are semantically more restricted, are less frequent and/or have an unequivocal positive or negative connotation, including, e.g., sigg- ‘be(come) comfortably cold or warm, cool’ and buss- ‘burn (tr.); be dangerously, excessively hot’. Irrespective of the temperature value, the expression of personal-feeling temperature is constructionally different from that of ambient temperature and tactile temperature; for the former a transitive, for the latter an intransitive construction is used. As for the extended uses of temperature terms, Kambaata maps warmth/heat onto freshness, busyness, and anger, and links burning heat to anger, spiciness and raging thirst. Unlike many other languages in the world, Kambaata does not relate warmth/heat to affection. Furthermore, Kambaata conceptualizes inactivity, ineptness and fear as tactile cold but the absence of emotional and physical pain as non-tactile cold. Coolness is linked metaphorically to calmness and absence of thirst. In the Highland East Cushitic branch of languages, ‘warm/hot’ is the most stable term, whereas six seemingly non-cognate roots are used for ‘tactile cold’ and/or ‘non-tactile cold’

Ethio–Sudan bilateral diplomatic relation Since 2011: Review on economic relation

AbstractEthiopia has had long-standing bilateral relations with Sudan dating back to ancient period. However, they formally established their relations in 1960s immediately after Sudanese independence. This research attempts to assess their relation since 2011 by focusing on their diplomatic and economic conducts as the main focus. It aims at understanding the factors that contributed for their positive economic relations, by trade and investment as a main focus. To achieve this objective, the study employed qualitative research approach. Data have been collected both from primary and secondary sources by using in-depth interviews were conducted. The findings of the study show that the economic relationships between the two countries are in favor of Sudan. The study identified Ethiopia’s role in settling the longest civil war of two Sudan’s, The Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, mutual interdependency and frequently exchanging high-level visits from both sides are the major factors that shaped the post 2011 Ethio–Sudan relations. Of particular relevance, trade and investment have been the most important sectors boldly visible in the post 2011 Ethio–Sudan economic relations. Foreign direct investment inflow from Sudan also increased in general since 2011; however, it has been low in comparison with their potential