Cultural Change in the Creative Industries: a case study of BBC Graphic Design from 1990-2011

Using his own experience as a witness and participant in the convulsion that the BBC, and specifically the BBC Graphic Design department underwent, the author aims to illuminate the cultural change to the creative industries in many advanced industrialised countries that has occurred over the last twenty years. Many industries in the past have undergone similar ruptures and transformations and they will again in the future. The author hopes to draw lessons from an analysis of television graphic design using examples of work that can point out the attributes and skills that a new designer across the globe will need to have and obtain in order to withstand future industrial and cultural changes

Sites of deposition of aqueous aerosols: a study of efficiency of delivery systems for lung ventilation imaging in man.

A study was made of the deposition of 99Tcm-DTPA aerosol in the components of a jet nebulizer-based aerosol production system. Three impaction devices were compared: a ball-bearing separator, a virtual impactor and a step separator. In addition a comparison was made of two types of tubing which carried aerosol from nebulizer to mouthpiece: corrugated and smooth-walled tubing. The retention of aerosol following inhalation was measured in five normal volunteers using different patterns of breathing. Using an aerosol production system which included a ball-bearing separator only a mean of 11% of the radioactivity loaded into the nebulizer was emitted as an aerosol. Some 18% remained in the ball-bearing separator. The ball-bearing and step separators produced similar total outputs (7% and 6% minimum), the step separator producing marginally higher mean output/min. The virtual impactor produced a lower output than the other two impactors studied, only 1%. A larger proportion of the aerosol output was deposited on corrugated tubing (7%) compared with smooth-walled tubing (1%). The retained fraction of the aerosol inhaled by subjects ranged from 16% to 43%. A higher fraction was retained when subjects inhaled deeply and held their breath for 10 s between each breath. The efficiency of radionuclide deposition from aerosol generator to patient ranged from 1.1% to 6% and was determined more by the retention in the subject than by choice of separator or tubing

Pd(η³‑1-PhC₃H₄)(η⁵‑C₅H₅), an Unusually Effective Catalyst Precursor for Heck–Mizoroki and Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Bis-Phosphine Palladium(0) Compounds

The compound Pd­(η³-1-PhC₃H₄)­(η⁵-C₅H₅) reacts essentially quantitatively with a variety of phosphines L to form cross-coupling catalysts of the type PdL₂ and has recently been shown to be a much more effective catalyst precursor for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in comparison to more commonly utilized precursors such as Pd­(PPh₃)₄, Pd₂(dba)₃, and Pd­(OAc)₂, which do not effectively generate two-coordinate species PdL₂. This advantage is expected to apply also to e.g. Heck-Mizoroki and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, both of which are generally believed to be catalyzed by species of the type PdL₂. Therefore, comparisons of the efficacies of catalyst systems based on Pd­(η³-1-PhC₃H₄)­(η⁵-C₅H₅), Pd­(PPh₃)₄, Pd₂(dba)₃, and Pd­(OAc)₂ are made utilizing the conventional coupling reactions of aryl halides with methyl acrylate and styrene for Heck–Mizoroki coupling and with phenylacetylene for Sonogashira coupling. As anticipated, catalyst systems based on Pd­(η³-1-PhC₃H₄)­(η⁵-C₅H₅) are found to be significantly more active