Standarisasi Simplisia Daun Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus Kunth) Dari Tiga Daerah Berbeda

Kenikir dipercaya sebagai obat penurun suhu tubuh, memperbaiki sirkulasi darah, mengobati diabetes, sebagai anti-aging dan menjaga kekuatan tulang. Saat ini telah banyak produk serbuk daun kenikir dalam bentuk kapsul di pasaran, tetapi belum ada data standarisasi dari simplisia daun kenikir, sehingga penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan profil standarisasi spesifik dan non-spesifik dari simplisia daun kenikir. Parameter spesifik terdiri dari identitas simplisia, organoleptis, kadar sari laut air, kadar sari larut etanol, penetapan profil kromatografi dengan menggunakan KLT, penetapan profil spektrum dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer infrared dan UV-Vis serta penetapan kadar senyawa metabolit sekunder. Parameter non spesifik meliputi susut pengeringan, kadar abu total, kadar abu tak larut asam, kadar abu larut air, pH, dan persen bahan asing. Data yang diperoleh merupakan data deskriptif yang diperoleh dari 3 lokasi berbeda. Hasil pengamatan mikroskop daun segar kenikir menunjukkan tipe berkas pembuluhnya adalah kolateral terbuka, jaringan bunga karang atau palisade, dengan tipe stomata anomositik, rambut penutup non-glandullar, kristal Ca-oksalat bentuk pisma dan tipe daun dorsiventral. Hasil kadar sari larut etanol > 23,3%, kadar sari larut air > 13,15%. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan adanya senyawa flavonoid, saponin, polifenol, steroid dan triterpenoid. Hasil pengamatan profil kromatogram secara KLT dengan fase diam silika gel F254 dan fase gerak yang terpilih adalah n-heksan : etil asetat (7:3). Hasil penetapan kadar flavonoid total > 1,30%, fenol > 2,18%. Nilai susut pengeringan ≤13,5%, sedangkan hasil kadar abu total ≤6,0% dengan kadar abu larut air ≤5,0% dan kadar abu tak larut asam ≤2,0%, pH simpisia untuk pelarut air yaitu 6- 7 dan pada pelarut etanol 4 – 6

Formulasi Sediaan Pelembab Ekstrak Buah Melon Orange (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus) Dalam Bentuk Krim

Environmental factors such as extreme sunlight may disrupt skin’s moisture balance and cause the skin to dry out. Therefore, skincare products such as moisturisers are highly needed. In this study, orange melon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus) was added to increase the value of the moisturiser product. Orange melon contains sucrose as the moisturising substance and antioxidant substance which helps to normalize the skin. The extraction process was carried out using juicer. The fruit extract was used at 10% (FI), 20% (FII), and 30% (FIII). This study aims to know the impact of increasing orange melon extract concentration on the physical characteristics of cream and its moisturising effect and antioxidant activity as well as the best formula. The evaluations consisted of physical characteristics, moisturising effect, and antioxidant test with DPPH method. The statistical results showed that the increase in extract concentration significantly affect the physical characteristics (pH, viscosity, spreadibility, ease of removal, adhesivity) and moisturising effect of the creams. Increasing extract concentration would cause a significant increase in the moisturising effect of creams containing synthetic humectants. The best formula which fulfilled the requirements of physical characteristics and effectiveness test, while possessing antioxidant effect was F2 (20% orange melon extract).Faktor eksternal lingkungan seperti paparan sinar matahari yang ekstrim dapat menganggu keseimbangan kulit dan menyebabkan kulit menjadi kering. Oleh itu, dibutuhkan suatu produk perawatan kulit seperti pelembab. Pada penelitian ini, sediaan topikal pelembab ini dikombinasikan dengan bahan alam yakni buah melon orange (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus) untuk menambah nilai guna dari sediaan. Buah melon orange mengandung senyawa humektan sukrosa sekaligus senyawa antioksidan yang mampu menormalkan kondisi kulit kering. Metode ekstraksi terpilih adalah metode perasan. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan adalah 10% (F1), 20% (F2) dan 30% (F3). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak melon orange terhadap mutu fisik, efektivitas daya melembabkan, daya antioksidan serta mengetahui formula sediaan krim pelembab terbaik. Evaluasi sediaan meliputi mutu fisik, efektivitas daya pelembab, dan aktivitas antioksidan sediaan. Aktivitas antioksidan diuji menggunakan metode DPPH. Hasil analisa statisitik menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak melon orange berpengaruh signifikan terhadap mutu fisik : pH, viskositas, daya sebar, daya tercucikan air, daya lekat dan efektivitas daya pelembab. Peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak menyebabkan peningkatan signifikan pada efektivitas daya pelembab sediaan yang mengandung senyawa pelembab sintetis. Formula terbaik yang memenuhi spesifikasi uji mutu fisik dan efektivitas serta memiliki nilai tambah khasiat antioksidan adalah F2 (konsentrasi ekstrak 20%)

Perbandingan Antibakteri dari Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi Ekstrak Etanol Tanaman Ceguk (Quisqualis indica L.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli

Tanaman Ceguk merupakan tanaman yang berasal dari Myanmar dan Malaysia. Tanaman ini memiliki beberapa efek farmakologi antara lain immunomodulator, antihiperlipidemia, antipiretik, antioksidan dan antibakteri. Aktivitas antibakteri sebelumnya telah diteliti pada bagian bunga. Pada penelitian ini ekstrak etanol dan fraksi (n-heksana, etil asetat dan air) dari daun tanaman ceguk diuji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Fraksi aktif terpilih ditentukan dengan bioautografi kontak. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri meliputi KHM (Kadar Hambat Minimum) dan KBM (Kadar Bunuh Minimum) dilakukan dengan metode mikrodilusi dan trifenil tetrazolium klorida 1% sebagai indikator visual. Golongan senyawa fraksi aktif ditentukan dengan uji kualitatif KLT dengan menggunakan penampak noda. Ekstrak dan fraksi n-heksana tanaman ini menghambat pertumbuhan pada bakteri Gram positif yaitu Staphylococcus aureus dengan nilai KHM 500 ppm pada fraksi n-heksana dan 1000 ppm untuk ekstrak. Ekstrak dan fraksi n-heksana tanaman ini tidak mampu membunuh Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Berdasarkan uji KLT, golongan senyawa fraksi aktif pada fraksi n-heksana yang diduga memiliki potensi sebagai antibakteri adalah golongan triterpenoid dengan harga Rf 0,63. Kata kunci : antibakteri, ceguk, fraksi, kadar hambat minimum, kadar bunuh minimum

Fraksinasi dan Identifikasi SenyawaAntioksidan pada Eksb-ak Etanol buah Goji beny(Lycium barbarum linn.) secaraKromatografi Kolom

Goji berry fruit (Lycium barbarum), familia Solanac'eae, is a red berry fruit. The chemical compounds contained in this fruit are polysaccharides, zeaxanthin and beta-carotene. Activity of the chemical compounds is still considered as a family of antioxidant compounds, which are used as a medicine to cure the diseases caused by the presence of free radicals such a~ atherosclerosis, cancer, liver cirrhosis, hypertension and diabetes. The research will be carried on fractionation and identification of the ethanol extract of Goji berry fruit to obtain compounds that have antioxidant power using chromatographic column method and DPPH method. The isolated compounds will be identified using methods phytochemica/s screening, TLC, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and infrared spectrophotometer. The result showed that secondary metabolites of Goji berry fruit which are potential as antioxidant compound were flavonoid (flavono/s or flavones). The isolated compound had higher antioxidant activity compare to the ethanol extract of Goji berry fruit Flavonoids are the major compounds that have antioxidant capacity. Whereas, the ethanol fraction of Goji berry fruits has the best antioxidant activity than the ethanol extract Keywords: Antioxidant, Goji berry, DPPH and chromatographic colum

Optimasi Sediaan Pelembab Ekstrak Kering Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) dengan Kombinasi Asam Stearat dan Trietanolamin sebagai Emulgator

Mangosteen is a plant which has a high antioxidant activity. The mangosteen pericarp contains antioxidant compound alpha mangosteen. Beside as an antioxidant, alpha-mangosteen has the potential as skin moisturizer, which gives protection for dry skin condition. The purpose of this research was to know the influence a combination stearic acid and trietanolamin on the physical characteristics and effectiveness. As the results of this researchs optimum formula was obtained using factorial design expert. The formula divided into 4 groups, formula A 10% of stearic acid and 0.1% trietanolamine, formula B was 16% of staric acid and 0.1% trietanolamine, formula C 10% of stearic acid and 0.5% trietanolamine and formula D 16% of stearic acid and 0.5% trietanolamine. Effectiveness and physical quality results were analyzed using one way anova and post hoc tukey with the level of confidence 95%. The results showed that stearic acid as an emulsifying agent have significant effect on the decrease of spreadibility, effectiveness and an increase in pH, viscosity, stickiness and ease for removal. Triethanolamin as an emulsifying agent had significant effect on them decrease of spreadibility, effectiveness and an increase in pH, viscosity, stickiness, and ease for removal. Interaction of both agents had signifficant effect to increase pH, viscosity, and effectiveness and a decrease in spreadibility, stickiness, and ease to removal of moisturizing cream containing the extract mangosteen pericarp. Optimum formula of moisturizing cream dry extract of mangosteen pericarp was obtained, a combination of 14.02% stearic acid and 0.41% trietanolamine as an anionic emulsifying agents

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Antikuorum Sensing Fraksi dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam (Eugenia polyantha Wight.)

Eugenia polyantha is being used as empirical plant for antiseptic, anthelmintic, anesthetic, keratolytic and also has properties protein in bacterial cells. The antibacterial activity of extract of Eugenia polyantha has been proved in previous study, therefore this research was conducted to know the antibacterial and antiquorum sensing from fractions of ethanolic extract of Eugenia polyantha. The extraction was prepared by maceration and fraction was prepared by liquid-liquid fractionation method with n-hexane (non polar), ethyl acetate (semipolar) and water (polar). Bioautography method with thin layer chromatography and chloroform as mobile phase was conducted to determine the active fraction. The diameter of inhibition zone was measured or determined by diffusion method, while concentration of minimum inhibition (MIC) and bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth and agar dilution methods. Antiquorum sensing activity for P. aeruginosa was carried on, using pigment survey and motility method~ The antibacterial activities showed that ethyl acetate fraction 2596 gave diameter of growth inhibition zone greater than others, 1:1.48 mm against S. aureus and 9.03 mm against P. aeruginosa. The MIC of ethyl acetate fraction gave value of :1.56% against S. aureus and 12.5% against P. Aeruginosa, meanwhile the MBC was 3.1396 against S. aureus and more than 12.5% against P. aeruginosa. The result showed that ethyl acetate fraction has potential antiquorum sensing activity on concentration of 2.5 %. The active fraction of ethanolic extract of Eugenia polyantha which has antibacterial and antiquorum sensing activity was ethyl acetate fraction

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Antibiofilm Fraksi Biji Kelengkeng (Euphoria longan Lour. Steud.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538

Longan (Euphoria longan Lour. Steud.) has an antibacterial potential. Longan seed is one part of Longan that has antibacterial activity. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of longan seed fraction (Euphoria longan Lour. Steud.) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. In this study, the extract was obtained from maceration using 96% ethanol and it was fractionated by liquid-liquid solvent method using nhexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Each fraction prepared at concentration 100000 ppm, and then the antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus was determined by well diffusion method, antibiofilm activity using microdilution method, and phytochemical screening to determine the metabolite compounds that have antibacterial and antibiofilm activity using thin layer chromatography. The results showed that the diameter of growth inhibition in ethyl acetate fraction with a concentration of 100000 ppm was 14.59 mm ± 0.01, n-hexane fraction at 7.15 mm ± 0.63 and water fraction of 12.52 mm ± 0.40. Antibiofilm test results showed that the percentage of growth inhibition of biofilm on the fraction of ethyl acetate with a concentration of 100000 ppm was 99.08%. Phytochemical screening using thin layer chromatography carried out on the fraction of ethyl acetate and showed that the fraction contains tannin/polyphenols, triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids

MANGROVE OF BERAU: ECOLOGICAL CONDITION, FISHERIES, AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

Mangrove area of Berau District, East Kalimantan Province is an important buffering zone for Derawan Islands. It also becomes a distinctive habitat for commercial fisheries commodity. Land conversion into shrimp ponds has threatened its sustainability. This paper summarizing its ecological condition, fisheries, and management options presents a guideline for the decision makers about what strategies can be applied in conserving the mangrove sustainability. Overall, the ecological condition is proven to support sustainable fisheries practice; such as shrimp and crab silvofisheries. Moreover, the calculation of firewood economic value shows that a sustainable commercial firewood production is another option that can be established to support local economic activities. In addition, a well managing ecotourism may be considered by local government considering its potential for local economic growth

Formulasi Sediaan Eyeshadow Ekstrak Air Buah Syzygium cumini dalam Bentuk Compact Powder

Coloring substance are needed in eyeshadow. It is used to give colors, shadows, and glittery effect on eyes. The trend in beauty world nowadays is using a natural dye because of safety issues. Antocyanine, which is contained in “juwet” fruit (Syzygium cumini), is one of the potential natural dyes. The aim of this research is to know the effect of Syzygium cumini in different concentration (20%, 25% dan 30%) on the physical quality and ffectiveness of the eyeshadow. The extract of Syzygium cumini fruit was formulated into compact powder eyeshadow. This type of preparation is the dominant dosage form used because it has good adhesiveness to the skin. The extract was obtained by extracting the juice and evaporated it using thermostatic water bath in the temperature of 40-60°C. The result showed that the increase in extract concentration significantly affected the physical quality test results (organoleptic, pH, particle size, friability and hardness), but did not affect the color dispersion and effectiveness. Based on the evaluation, formula II (extract of Syzyium cumini 25 %) was chosen as the best formula

Standarisasi dari Daun Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata) dan Simplisia Kering dari Tiga Daerah yang Berbeda

Siam wead (Chromolaena odorata) is used traditionally for treatment lesoin, amenorrhea, antidiabetic and antimicrobial. Based on previous research, there is no reference about the standardization Siam Weed leaves dried powder. This study aims to determine macroscopic and microscopic of siam weed leaves fresh plant obtained from, Surabaya, to determine the spesific and non spesific quality profile of dried powder of siam weed leaves dried powder obtained from different areas (Bogor, Malang and Surabaya). The spesific parameter that used were identity, organoleptic, microscopic, determination of soluble extract, phytochemical screening, determination chromatogram profile using Thin Layer Chromatography, determination spectrum profile using spektrophotometer UV-Vis and Infrared, determination of alkaloid, phenol and flavonoid content. Non spesific parameters that used were the determination of total ash value, water soluble ash value, acid insoluble ash value, drying losses and pH. Based on result of the study, it was concluded that siam weed fresh plant leaves have elliptico-oblongus shape, acutus shape for the upper and lower base, green colored for the top and bottom surfaces, adge shape for the wavy , 6.4-11.8 (L), 3.3-5.9 (W), wavely leaf rib, fluffy leaf texture, and the position of facing a single, microscopically have the fragments as same as the dried powder fragments, ethanol soluble concentration ≥ 12%, water soluble concentration ≥ 20%, solvent can be used for chromatogram profile in TLC is chloroform : ethyl acetate (15:1), spectral profile with spectrophotometer UV-Vis have wavelength 533.5 nm, 500 nm, 534.5 nm, 501.5 nm, 284.5 nm, 289 nm and 292 nm, spectral profile with IR spectrophotometers have wavenumber 3266.28 cm-1-3282.21 cm-1, 1416.01 cm-1, 1514.53 cm-1, 1514.93 cm-1, 1245.35 cm-1, 1249.52 cm-1 dan 1251.27 cm-1, flavonoid content ≥ 0.4%, phenol content ≥ 1.0% and alkaloid content ≥ 1.0%, total ash content ≤ 14%, water ash soluble ≤ 5%, acid unsoluble ash ≤ 10%, drying losses ≤ 11% and range pH 5-7