Hellmut O Pappe(unpublished) Sismondi, Constant and Tocqueville

Hellmut Pappe died in 1998. Since the publication of Sismondi’s Weggenossen (Geneva, 1956), he had been planning a new biography of Sismondi intended both to replace J. R. Salis’s Sismondi, 1775-1842: la vie et l'oeuvre d'un cosmopolite philosophe (1932) and to give a fuller view of Sismondi’s influence, particularly over significant luminaries of nineteenth century European thought. Although Hellmut Pappe continued working until his death, his published work in this field was limited to a number of articles on Sismondi and editions of such works as the ‘Statitique du Departement du Leman’. Among the papers he left to the University of Sussex, however, were transcriptions of Sismondi’s mother and sister’s diaries, three chapters of the biography describing Sismondi’s life up to 1800, and some miscellaneous papers, destined for the second volume of the biography, describing Sismondi’s relationships with his contemporaries. The paper published here comes from the latter collection and appears to have been one of the last papers that Hellmutt Pappe completed. For reasons of brevity, the version of the paper published here omits the final section of the manuscript version, dealing with Sismondi’s view of North America, in addition to several of the more extensive notes. The paper underlines Pappe’s concern to restore Sismondi to the first rank of European political economists and historians

Liberalism and republicanism, or wealth and virtue revisited

The unquestionable achievement of J. G. A. Pocock's The Machiavellian Moment was to describe the retention of pre-modern values in a modern society. Pocock was notoriously accused of decentring Locke and side-lining the Liberal Tradition. A more pertinent critique had it that he failed to articulate how civic humanism in the context of increasingly commercial societies produced more than Jeremiahs or Cassandras. This article explains how Pocock responded to his various critics by inventing the term “commercial humanism” in an effort to clarify the way in which classical virtue was modified in modern commercial contexts, especially by natural jurists and republicans. Commercial humanism proved controversial but stimulated one of the most original scholars working in the history of political thought, István Hont, to undertake a prolonged engagement with Pocock's revisionist ideas, which ultimately allowed him to answer Pocock's critics better than Pocock, whose voice remained too in tune with those whose view of modern political thought he had rejected. For Hont, Pocock's labours in the history of political thought remained less relevant to present politics than they might become, once the depth of eighteenth-century analyses of the relationship between wealth and virtue was recovered.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Saving republics by moving republicans : Britain, Ireland and ‘New Geneva’ during the Age of Revolutions

In 1783 the British and Irish governments launched an experiment by funding the establishment of a settlement that was expected to become a new city. It was called ‘New Geneva’ and was situated on the site of a village called Passage, just outside the port of Waterford in Ireland. New Geneva was to be peopled by rebels, Genevans who had fled or were ready to flee in the aftermath of the failed revolution of 1782. This article explains that for the main Genevan actors in the Waterford experiment, François d'Ivernois (Sir Francis d'Ivernois from 1796) and his friend Jacques-Antoine Du Roveray, the exodus from Geneva was part of a greater battle to save Europe's small states, and especially the republics of Europe. The article further reveals that the major supporters of New Geneva were seeking to address Britain's problems both domestically and as an empire. Charles Stanhope, then Lord Mahon (from 1786 3rd earl of Stanhope), and William Petty, then 2nd earl of Shelburne (from 1784 1st marquess of Lansdowne), each hoped that the Genevans would introduce cultures capable of palliating the excessive corruption or ‘mercantile system’ they saw in Britain's commercial society. The history of New Geneva underscored the perilous state of Europe's republics before 1789, the widespread extent of the view that Britain and Ireland were in crisis, and the fact that extreme and cosmopolitan reform projects were in the air before the French Revolution.PostprintPeer reviewe

Geneva and Scotland : the Calvinist legacy and after

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Introduction

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Global possibilities in intellectual history : a note on practice

Intellectual history, and especially the branch sometimes identified as the Cambridge school, continues to be criticized for not being sufficiently global in outlook. This article does not defend intellectual history. Rather, it underscores the extent to which the well-known intellectual historian John Pocock has opened specific avenues for the study of past intellectual matters in distinctly non-Western contexts. The article suggests that these openings spring directly from basic features of Pocock's general and well-known conception of intellectual history. Pocock's work beyond the West amounts not simply to incidental sallies but is the formulation and application of an overall strategy that readily encompasses a globalizing agenda of widening the empirical basis as required by a given subject.PostprintPeer reviewe

Étienne Clavière, Jacques-Pierre Brissot et les fondations intellectuelles de la politique des girondins

Le but de cet article est de permettre une compréhension plus précise des origines de l’idéologie girondine à partir d’une analyse des écrits de deux personnages qui furent les premiers à formuler les idées politiques définissant celle-ci dans les années 1790  : Jacques-Pierre Brissot et Étienne Clavière. Cet article veut montrer que les idées girondines ne peuvent être comprises qu’avec en toile de fond la révolution de Genève de 1782, tandis que l’essai ultérieur de faire de la France une république moderne, plutôt qu’une monarchie civilisée défendue par Turgot ou une république radicale jacobine, ne peut être étudié qu’à la lumière de l’échec de cette révolution.Étienne Clavière, Jacques-Pierre Brissot and the intellectual origins of Girondin politics.The aim of this paper is a more precise understanding of the origins of Girondin ideology. Since it is not possible to provide an analysis of the writings of all of the members of the group attention focuses on two figures who were the first to formulate the political ideas that defined a Girondin in the early 1790s. The first is Jacques-Pierre Brissot and the second Étienne Clavière. The central claim of this paper is that Girondin ideas can only be understood against the background of the Genevan revolution of 1782 and the subsequent attempt, in the light of the failure of the Genevan revolution, to make France into a modern republic rather than a Jacobin classical republic or a civilized monarchy of the kind advocated by Turgot

Novel piezoelectric thick film actuators

Planar-spiral piezoelectric-unimorph-actuators, that deflect out-of-their-plane, were modelled, designed and fabricated. A range of other planar piezoelectric-device designs has also been made. These include spokes, multi-arms, plates and swastikas. All these devices consisted of a mechanical support in the plane with a piezoelectric layer deposited on top. Impedance spectra demonstrated that a fabricated device was piezoelectrically active. Finite-element (FE) models of straight and spiral piezoelectric- unimorph-actuators were constructed. The mechanical stiffness of the spiral-beam was increased with the curvature of the beam; consequently, the inner coils exhibited virtually no deflection and appeared to be redundant. The advantage of the spiral-actuators is that they allow large actuator lengths to be contained compactly without the loss of mechanical stiffness. Fabrication of the above devices necessitated the development of new fabrication technologies. The active-piezoelectric and mechanical-support were a lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Tii_XZrx)O3 - PZT) thick-film and a-platinised-silicon-wafer respectively. Vias were opened in the PZT with wet etching, and this was completed without damaging the back electrode. Powder blasting allowed any 2-dimensional-shape to be cut into the device wafer. Devices were released from the Si support with deep-reactive-ion-etching (DRIE). The PZT thick films were fired with a Cu20-PbO eutectic additive. Pb and Cu were considered to dope on A and B lattice sites (of PZT) respectively, when the PZT was sintered at high oxygen-partial-pressure (p02). The electrical conductivity of PZT thick films was increased when they were sintered at low P02, and this was moderated by the presence of Cu' as an acceptor ion. A lead-platinum intermetallic and lead silicate glass phase simultaneously formed under sintering conditions of low pot, and this simultaneous formation, was accounted for by a six-stage mechanism. Step 1, residual C in the thick film reduces PbO to Pb followed by step 2 where Pb diffuses into the Pt back electrode. In step 3, Pt3Pb formation occurs in the intermetallic layer followed by step 4 in which PtPb forms. Step 5 occurs with saturation of the intermetallic layer as Pb continues to diffuse from the thick film. There is additional diffusion of Pb into the underlying Si substrate. Finally step 6 occurs at some later point, when P02 has risen, Pb is oxidised to PbO, and Si is oxidised to Si02. PbO and Si02 can flux to form PbSiO3 The glass was found to undermine film/substrate adhesion.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Where is the History of Political Thought Going?

After the recent publication of a couple of succinct and overarching essays covering the state of the field in the history of political thought (in the English language), Prof. Davide Cadeddu from the University of Milan expressed polemical remarks on some of their content. At the same time, he asked for comments on his own article, inviting the response several of English-speaking scholars (or scholars educated in anglophone cultural context). In response to this challenge, ten colleagues John Dunn (King’s College, University of Cambridge) Humeira Iqtidar (King’s College London) Iain Hampsher-Monk (University of Exeter) Richard Bourke (King’s College, University of Cambridge) Adrian Blau (King’s College London) Alexandra Chadwick (University of Jyväskylä) Duncan Kelly (Jesus College, University of Cambridge) David Leopold (Mansfield College, University of Oxford) Peter Burke (Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge) Richard Whatmore (University of St Andrews) answered with texts of different length and complexity. Depending on each case individually, each scholar was either in agreement or disagreement with the statements previously formulated by him, henceforth eliciting, more or less implicitly, new reflections on the matter at hand