Paisajes vegetados en la gran ciudad. El caso del entorno central de Madrid.

[ES] Uno de los factores más decisivos para conseguir elevar la calidad ambiental de nuestras ciudades es la presencia vegetal en el paisaje urbano y la existencia de lugares donde esa vegetación acoja a los ciudadanos, proporcionándoles una experiencia sensitiva que complementa a la de las arquitecturas que resuelven el alojamiento o las actividades productivas o de cualquier otra índole. Los espacios vegetados son un componente de la cultura urbana, al igual que lo son los espacios edificados o el espacio público que los organiza. Son paisajes artificiales que precisan ser proyectados, gestionados, y tutelados como seres vivos que son. Tienen una dimensión histórica, estética, y de técnica agronómica que los especializan particularmente. Entender esas dimensiones en la configuración de una urbe de grandes dimensiones que ofrece una experiencia madura de gran valor como es el caso de Madrid, es un caso muy adecuado para aprender las lecciones que ofrece en este campo la cultura occidental. Sistematizar una lectura que introduzca al conocimiento de los valores y requerimientos técnicos y administrativos que son necesarios es el objetivo de este Trabajo final de Master.[EN] One of the most decisive factors in raising the environmental quality of our cities is the plant presence in the urban landscape and the existence of places where this vegetation welcomes citizens, providing them with a sensitive experience that complements that of the architectures that solve accommodation or productive or other activities. Vegetated spaces are a component of urban culture, as are the built spaces or the public space that organizes them. They are artificial landscapes that need to be projected, managed, and protected as living beings they are. They have a historical dimension, aesthetics, and agronomic technique that particularly specialize them. Understanding these dimensions in the configuration of a large city that offers a mature experience of great value as is the case in Madrid, is a very suitable case to learn the lessons offered in this field by Western culture. Systematizing a reading that introduces to the knowledge of the technical and administrative values and requirements that are necessary is the objective of this Final Master's Work.Guo, W. (2021). Paisajes vegetados en la gran ciudad. El caso del entorno central de Madrid. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/167419TFG

An Instrument for In Situ Measuring the Volume Scattering Function of Water: Design, Calibration and Primary Experiments

The optical volume scattering function (VSF) of seawater is a fundamental property used in the calculation of radiative transfer for applications in the study of the upper-ocean heat balance, the photosynthetic productivity of the ocean, and the chemical transformation of photoreactive compounds. A new instrument to simultaneously measure the VSF in seven directions between 20° to 160°, the attenuation coefficient, and the depth of water is presented. The instrument is self-contained and can be automatically controlled by the depth under water. The self-contained data can be easily downloaded by an ultra-short-wave communication system. A calibration test was performed in the laboratory based on precise estimation of the scattering volume and optical radiometric calibration of the detectors. The measurement error of the VSF measurement instrument has been estimated in the laboratory based on the Mie theory, and the average error is less than 12%. The instrument was used to measure and analyze the variation characteristics of the VSF with angle, depth and water quality in Daya Bay for the first time. From these in situ data, we have found that the phase functions proposed by Fournier-Forand, measured by Petzold in San Diego Harbor and Sokolov in Black Sea do not fit with our measurements in Daya. These discrepancies could manly due to high proportion of suspended calcium carbonate mineral-like particles with high refractive index in Daya Bay

Charge Measurement of Cosmic Ray Nuclei with the Plastic Scintillator Detector of DAMPE

One of the main purposes of the DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is to measure the cosmic ray nuclei up to several tens of TeV or beyond, whose origin and propagation remains a hot topic in astrophysics. The Plastic Scintillator Detector (PSD) on top of DAMPE is designed to measure the charges of cosmic ray nuclei from H to Fe and serves as a veto detector for discriminating gamma-rays from charged particles. We propose in this paper a charge reconstruction procedure to optimize the PSD performance in charge measurement. Essentials of our approach, including track finding, alignment of PSD, light attenuation correction, quenching and equalization correction are described detailedly in this paper after a brief description of the structure and operational principle of the PSD. Our results show that the PSD works very well and almost all the elements in cosmic rays from H to Fe are clearly identified in the charge spectrum.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figure

Facile and effective synthesis of hierarchical TiO2 spheres for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells

National Natural Science Foundation of China [51072170, 21021002]; National Basic Research Program of China [2012CB932900]Three-dimensional (3D) crystalline anatase TiO2 hierarchical spheres were successfully derived from Ti foils via a fast, template-free, low-temperature hydrothermal route followed by a calcination post-treatment. These dandelion-like TiO2 spheres are composed of numerous ultrathin nanoribbons, which were subsequently split into fragile nanoflakes as a result of the decomposition of Ti-complex intermediates to TiO2 and H2O at high temperature. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) employing such hierarchically structured TiO2 spheres as the photoanodes exhibited a light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 8.50%, yielding a 28% enhancement in comparison with that (6.64%) of P25-based DSSCs, which mainly benefited from the enhanced capacity of dye loading in combination with effective light scattering and trapping from hierarchical architecture

A leaf vein-like hierarchical silver grids transparent electrode towards high-performance flexible electrochromic smart windows

Abstract(#br)As essential components of numerous flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices, the flexible transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) with sufficient optical transmittance and electric conductivity become more and more important. In this work, we fabricated a large-area flexible TCE based on leaf vein-like hierarchical metal grids (HMG) comprising of mesoscale “trunk” and microscale “branches”. The self-formed branched grids made the conducting paths distributing uniformly while the laser-etching trunk grids enabled to transport the collected electrons across long-distance. The Ag HMG exhibited high optical transmittance (~81%) with low sheet resistance (1.36 Ω sq –1 ), which could be simply optimized through adjusting the grids’ widths, spaces, and the sizes of the TiO 2 colloidal crackle patterns. In addition, on the basis of such advanced HMG electrode, flexible electrochromic devices (ECDs) with remarkable cyclic performance were fabricated. The HMG with high transparency, conductivity, and flexibility provides a promising TCE for the next-generation flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices