Acculturation of the Choctaw and Comanche Indians a Quantitative Study of the Family, 1900

The history of the United States, indeed all of the Americas, owes much of its uniqueness to the relationships that emerged where diverse races and cultures met and mixed. Particularly, as a consequence of miscegenation, the lines between red, white and black began to blurr. However, it was not just the colors of the people's skin which changed hue, but the complexion of the cultures as well. This study concerns itself with the relationship between two groups of North American Indians and the whites with which they came in contact. In particular this investigation will attempt to compare and contrast the experiences of the Choctaw and Comanche tribes and how they chose to acculturate to a society dominated by white Americans. The Choctaws were a strong and powerful tribe among the Indians of the Southeast; while the Comanches were known as the "lords" of the Southern Plains. The culture and experiences of both tribes were similar to those of the other Indian groups in their regions; thus the two present an interesting case study of how distinct Native American cultures approached acculturation. This study argues that the most important element in the successful transition of a society from one cultural system to another is the evolution of a metis or mixed blood class. Specifically among the Choctaws, a large class of mixed bloods made that tribe's acculturation much smoother by 1900 than that of the Comanches. This study traces the cultural changes in both tribes from their primitive cultures to the end of the nineteenth century. At that point the United States abruptly abolished the tribal government of both the Choctaws and Comanches. The first two chapters follow the two tribes from their aborginal condition to the end of the American Civil War. It was during this early period that we see both tribes confronted with the new and strange ways of the white man. It becomes apparent that the lifestyle and environment of the Choctaws and Comanches caused them to take radically different approaches to the process of accomodation. This early period was distinguised from the period after 1865 by the independence and autonomy of both tribes in picking and choosing wha they would accept from white society and how they would accomodate to it. After the American Civil War, the United States implemented its reservatopm system and became much more actively involved in the acculturation process. This period lasted until 1900 and ened with the allotment of tribal land in severalty and the dissolution of tribal governments. From 1865 until 1900 the two tribes maintained a distinct and separate identity from white society, yet they ceased to function as autonomous grops. While on their reservations both groups were under the scrutiny and discretion of the United States government, which institutied a series of programs desgined to speed up the Indians' acculturation and promote their successful assimilation into the greater white society. In order to see how far the two tribes had progressed in the process of change, and perhaps even to enlighten us as to key elements in these changes, the study utilized the United States 1900 Manuscript Census schedule. Because they formed the basic social level of both Choctaw and Comanche societies, household units were carefully examined. By studying the size, structure, households, as well as some and membership of the particulars about the individuals who comprised the household, it is possible to discern in what ways the two tribes differed from their primitive states, each other, and white Americans in general as of 1900. The information from the census on literacy, ability to speak English, and occupations as well as information on each individual's age, sex, place of birth and degree of Indian blood gave added insight as to how the Comanches and Choctaws had acculturated as social groups rather than merely as individuals. Instead of providing a traditional portrait of the experiences of a few - usually elite - individuals, the census gives a picture of the entire tribe at one instant in time.Histor

Noradrenergic Pharmacotherapy, Intracerebral Infusion and Adrenal Transplantation Promote Functional Recovery After Cortical Damage

The research described in this review briefly summarizes evidence that short term pharmacological enhancement of noradrenergic (NA) synaptic activity, combined with symptom relevant experience (SRE), promotes functional recovery of some symptoms of cortical damage in rat, cat and human beings even when treatment is initiated from days to weeks after injury. A summary is provided of the numerous drugs tested in rodent cortical injury models which have been proven useful for predicting beneficial or harmful effects on behavioral outcome in human stroke. The pattern of drug effects indicates a central role for NA in functional recovery. Additionally, studies of the effects of direct intraventricular infusion of monoamine neurotransmitters are reviewed and further support the hypothesized role of NA in recovery from some symptoms of cortical injury. The site of NA/SRE interaction to promote recovery from hemiplegia apparently involves the cerebellar hemisphere contralateral to the cortical injury. Microinfusions of NA into the contra- but not ipsilaterai cerebellar hemisphere dramatically enhance recovery. Furthermore, like its systemic action, microinfusion of the α1- NA receptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, reinstates hemiplegia. A “permanent” symptom of motor cortex injury in the cat is the complete loss of tactile placing contralateral to the injury which does not spontaneously recover for as long as seven years after ablation. This posturai reflex is temporarily restored for 8-12 hours following amphetamine administration. However, this permanently lost reflex can be enduringly restored by transplanting catecholamine secreting adrenal tissue into the wound cavity. The experiment is reviewed in detail and involves chromaffin cell autografts into the frontal cortex ablation wound cavity producing a restoration of tactile placing for the 7-10 month duration of the study. This enduring restoration of tactile placing is considered a result of the release of catecholamines into the CNS from the grafted chromaffin cells found, by histochemical methods, surviving 7-10 months after transplant. Lastly, we attribute these delayed treatment effects to an attenuation of a diaschisis, or remote functional depression, in morphologically intact areas anatomically connected to the area of injury. The widespread reduction of glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, produced by focal cortical injury, is normalized by the same treatment which alleviates symptoms and is worsened by drugs which exacerbate deficits. These data support the hypothesis that providing SRE during a period of enhanced NA synaptic activity produces an enduring functional recovery after cortical injury by attenuating remote functional depression. This treatment for enhancing recovery is especially attractive since it is effective even when begun weeks after cortical damage

Combining Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training of the DLPFC with N-Back Practice Results in Neuroplastic Effects Confined to the Neurofeedback Target Region

In traditional fMRI, individuals respond to exogenous stimuli and are naïve to the effects of the stimuli on their neural activity patterns. Changes arising in the fMRI signal are analyzed post-hoc to elucidate the spatial and temporal activation of brain regions associated with the tasks performed. The advent of real-time fMRI has enabled a new method to systematically alter brain activity across space and time using neurofeedback training (NFT), providing a new tool to study internally-driven processes such as neuroplasticity. In this work, we combined n-back practice with fMRI-NFT of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to better understand the relationship between open- and closed-loop neuromodulation. FMRI data were acquired during both traditional n-back and NFT across five imaging sessions. Region-of-interest (ROI) and voxel-wise 2 × 2 within subjects ANOVAs were carried out to determine the effects of, and interaction between, training session and neuromodulation type. A main effect of training session was identified for only a single, highly focused cluster that shared spatial properties with the fMRI-NFT target region (left DLPFC). This finding indicates that combined open- and closed-loop neuroplastic enhancement techniques result in focal changes that are confined to the target area of NFT, and do not affect up- or down-stream network components that are normally engaged during working memory. Additionally, we identified a main effect of neuromodulation type for 15 clusters with significantly different activation between open- and closed-loop neuromodulation during training, 12 of which demonstrated higher activity during the open-loop neuromodulation. Our results, taken together with previous reports, indicate that fMRI-NFT combined with n-back practice leads to a highly focal volume exhibiting neuroplasticity without additional network effects

Pathogenic analysis of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A viruses in ferrets

The pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus emerged in humans and caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Mexican isolates, A/Mexico/4108/2009 (H1N1) (Mex4108) and A/Mexico/InDRE4478/2009 (H1N1) (Mex4487) derived from a mild case and from a cluster of severe cases, showed heterogeneity in virulence in a cynomolgus macaque model. To compare the more pathogenic differences, we generated recombinant viruses and compared their virulence in ferrets. Ferrets infected with recombinant Mex4487 displayed a slightly higher rate of viral replication and severe pneumonia in the early stage of infection. In contrast, prolonged lower virus shedding of recombinant Mex4108 than that of recombinant Mex4487 was detected in throat swabs. Thus, Mex4487 induces severe pneumonia in infected individuals, whereas Mex4108 might have wide-spreading potential with mild disease

Hydraulic Behaviour of He II in Stratified Counter-Current Two-Phase Flow

Future large devices using superconducting magnets or RF cavities (e.g. LHC or TESLA) need He II two-phase flow for cooling. The research carried out into counter-current superfluid two-phase flow was the continuation of work on co-current flow and benefited from all the knowledge acquired both experimentally and theoretically. Experiments were conducted on two different pipe diameters (40 and 65 m m I.D. tube) for slopes ranging between 0 and 2%, and for temperatures ranging between 1.8 and 2 K. This paper introduces the theoretical model, describes the tests, and provides a critical review of the results obtained in He II counter current two-phase flow

Closed-Loop Targeted Memory Reactivation during Sleep Improves Spatial Navigation

Sounds associated with newly learned information that are replayed during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep can improve recall in simple tasks. The mechanism for this improvement is presumed to be reactivation of the newly learned memory during sleep when consolidation takes place. We have developed an EEG-based closed-loop system to precisely deliver sensory stimulation at the time of down-state to up-state transitions during NREM sleep. Here, we demonstrate that applying this technology to participants performing a realistic navigation task in virtual reality results in a significant improvement in navigation efficiency after sleep that is accompanied by increases in the spectral power especially in the fast (12\u201315 Hz) sleep spindle band. Our results show promise for the application of sleep-based interventions to drive improvement in real-world tasks

The cryogenic system for the SLAC E158 experiment

E158 is a fixed target experiment at SLAC in which high energy (up to 48 GeV) polarized electrons are scattered off the unpolarized electrons in a 1.5 m long liquid hydrogen target. The total volume of liquid hydrogen in the system is 47.1. The beam can deposit as much as 700 W into the liquid hydrogen. Among the requirements for the system are: that density fluctuations in the liquid hydrogen be kept to a minimum, that the target can be moved out of the beam line while cold and replaced to within 2 mm and that the target survive lifetime radiation doses of up to 1×106 Gy. The cryogenic system for the experiment consists of the target itself, the cryostat containing the target, a refurbished CTI 4000 refrigerator providing more than 1 kW of cooling at 20 K and associated transfer lines and valve boxes. This paper discusses the requirements, design, construction, testing and operation of the cryogenic system. The unique features of the design associated with hydrogen safety and the high radiation field in which the target resides are also covered