Interpretasi Lingkungan Pengendapan Formasi Talang Akar Berdasarkan Data Cutting dan Wireline Log pada Lapangan X Cekungan Sumatera Selatan

A sedimentary environment is a part of earth\u27s surface which is physically, chemically and biologically distinct from adjacent terrains (Selley, 1988). The study of the depositional environment is one goal of many studiesconducted for academic purpose and economically purpose in oil and gas exploration. The study of the depositionalenvironment requires a fairly comprehensive analysis as to sequencestratigraphy facies analysis to obtain detailedinterpretations or conclusions. The purpose of this study is to analyze cutting and wireline logs to determinelithology, facies and sedimentation history of theTalang Akar formation field X in South Sumatra basin. The method used to analyze the formation of depositional environment of Talang Akar field X in SouthSumatra basin is the cutting description in order to know the composition of the constituent formations. While theanalysis conducted is cutting analysis to get lithofacies interpretation, second is well log analysis method to getsubsurface data such as physical rock properties then electrofacies analysis based on gamma ray log pattern andthird is stratigraphy sequence analysis method so sea level changed can be known. Stratigraphy sequenceinterpretation did base on facies and gamma ray log pattern changed. Pratama-1 well lithology consists of shale, siltstone, very fine sandstone until medium sandstone andlimestones. While the well lithology Pratama-2 is composed of shale, very fine until medium sandstone and siltstone.Facies found in wells Pratama-1 consists of distributary channel fill, prodelta, distal bar, distributary mouth bar,and marsh. Facies in wells Pratama-2 is a mud flat and mixed flat. In Pratama-1 wells are 2 sets sequence that bounded by 2 sequence boundary, with a stratigraphic unit LST, TST and HST with progradation andretrogradation stacking patterns. While the Pratama-2 wells contained one stratigraphic unit sequence that is onlyTST in progradation and agradation stacking patterns. Based on this analysis the Talang Akar formation field X inSouth Sumatra basin has a transitional depositional environment

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of A co-culture assay of embryonic zebrafish hearts to assess migration of epicardial cells in vitro

Hearts extracted at 60 hpf lack epicardial cells. (A and B) Confocal micrographs of cmlc2:EGFP; tcf21:DsRed2 hearts extracted at 60 hpf . Images show brightest point projections from confocal z-series. (A) cmlc2:EGFP; tcf21:DsRed2 hearts before being placed into culture (Day 0). (B), cmlc2:EGFP; tcf21:DsRed2 hearts after 7 days in culture (Day 7). There were no epicardial cells (red) observed on the heart myocardia (green) at Day 0 or Day 7. In addition, there were no observed tcf21- cells with the stereotypical flattened phenotype of epicardial cells present on top of the myocardium (blue, DAPI nuclear staining). Scale bars in all images represent 50 μm. (PNG 965 kb

Statistically Enhanced Spectral Counting Approach to TCDD Cardiac Toxicity in the Adult Zebrafish Heart

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental pollutant and teratogen that produces cardiac toxicity in the developing zebrafish. Here we adopted a label free quantitative proteomic approach based on normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF) to investigate the disturbance of the cardiac proteome induced by TCDD in the adult zebrafish heart. The protein expression level changes between heart samples from TCDD-treated and control zebrafish were systematically evaluated by a large scale MudPIT analysis, which incorporated triplicate analyses for both control and TCDD-exposed heart proteomic samples to overcome the data-dependent variation in shotgun proteomic experiments and obtain a statistically significant protein data set with improved quantification confidence. A total of 519 and 443 proteins were identified in hearts collected from control and TCDD-treated zebrafish, respectively, among which 106 proteins showed statistically significant expression changes. After correcting for the experimental variation between replicate analyses by statistical evaluation, 55 proteins exhibited NSAF ratios above 2 and 43 proteins displayed NSAF ratios smaller than 0.5, with statistical significance by <i>t</i> test (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The proteins identified as altered by TCDD encompass a wide range of biological functions including calcium handling, myocardium cell architecture, energy production and metabolism, mitochondrial homeostasis, and stress response. Collectively, our results indicate that TCDD exposure alters the adult zebrafish heart in a way that could result in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and suggests a potential mechanism for the diastolic dysfunction observed in TCDD-exposed embryos

Statistically Enhanced Spectral Counting Approach to TCDD Cardiac Toxicity in the Adult Zebrafish Heart

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental pollutant and teratogen that produces cardiac toxicity in the developing zebrafish. Here we adopted a label free quantitative proteomic approach based on normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF) to investigate the disturbance of the cardiac proteome induced by TCDD in the adult zebrafish heart. The protein expression level changes between heart samples from TCDD-treated and control zebrafish were systematically evaluated by a large scale MudPIT analysis, which incorporated triplicate analyses for both control and TCDD-exposed heart proteomic samples to overcome the data-dependent variation in shotgun proteomic experiments and obtain a statistically significant protein data set with improved quantification confidence. A total of 519 and 443 proteins were identified in hearts collected from control and TCDD-treated zebrafish, respectively, among which 106 proteins showed statistically significant expression changes. After correcting for the experimental variation between replicate analyses by statistical evaluation, 55 proteins exhibited NSAF ratios above 2 and 43 proteins displayed NSAF ratios smaller than 0.5, with statistical significance by <i>t</i> test (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The proteins identified as altered by TCDD encompass a wide range of biological functions including calcium handling, myocardium cell architecture, energy production and metabolism, mitochondrial homeostasis, and stress response. Collectively, our results indicate that TCDD exposure alters the adult zebrafish heart in a way that could result in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and suggests a potential mechanism for the diastolic dysfunction observed in TCDD-exposed embryos

Statistically Enhanced Spectral Counting Approach to TCDD Cardiac Toxicity in the Adult Zebrafish Heart

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental pollutant and teratogen that produces cardiac toxicity in the developing zebrafish. Here we adopted a label free quantitative proteomic approach based on normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF) to investigate the disturbance of the cardiac proteome induced by TCDD in the adult zebrafish heart. The protein expression level changes between heart samples from TCDD-treated and control zebrafish were systematically evaluated by a large scale MudPIT analysis, which incorporated triplicate analyses for both control and TCDD-exposed heart proteomic samples to overcome the data-dependent variation in shotgun proteomic experiments and obtain a statistically significant protein data set with improved quantification confidence. A total of 519 and 443 proteins were identified in hearts collected from control and TCDD-treated zebrafish, respectively, among which 106 proteins showed statistically significant expression changes. After correcting for the experimental variation between replicate analyses by statistical evaluation, 55 proteins exhibited NSAF ratios above 2 and 43 proteins displayed NSAF ratios smaller than 0.5, with statistical significance by <i>t</i> test (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The proteins identified as altered by TCDD encompass a wide range of biological functions including calcium handling, myocardium cell architecture, energy production and metabolism, mitochondrial homeostasis, and stress response. Collectively, our results indicate that TCDD exposure alters the adult zebrafish heart in a way that could result in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and suggests a potential mechanism for the diastolic dysfunction observed in TCDD-exposed embryos

Influence of Humic Acid on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Toxicity to Developing Zebrafish

Titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO₂NP) suspension stability can be altered by adsorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM). This is expected to impact their environmental fate and bioavailability. To date, the influence of DOM on the toxicity of TiO₂NPs to aquatic vertebrates has not been reported. We examined the impact of Suwannee River humic acid (HA) on the toxicity of TiO₂NPs to developing zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) in the dark and under simulated sunlight illumination. Adsorption of HA increased suspension stability and decreased TiO₂NP exposure. TiO₂NPs were more toxic in the presence of HA. In the absence of simulated sunlight, a small but significant increase in lethality was observed in fish exposed to TiO₂NPs in the presence of HA. Under simulated sunlight illumination, photocatalytic degradation of HA reduced suspension stability. Despite the lower concentrations of Ti associated with fish in the treatments containing HA, under simulated sunlight illumination, median lethal concentrations were lower and oxidative DNA damage was elevated relative to fish exposed to TiO₂NPs in the absence of HA. This study demonstrates the importance of considering environmental factors (i.e., exposure to sunlight, adsorption of DOM) when assessing the potential risks posed by engineered nanomaterials in the environment

TiO₂ Nanoparticle Exposure and Illumination during Zebrafish Development: Mortality at Parts per Billion Concentrations

Photoactivation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Over time, this has the potential to produce cumulative cellular damage. To test this, we exposed zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) to two commercial TiO₂NP preparations at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 000 ng/mL over a 23 day period spanning embryogenesis, larval development, and juvenile metamorphosis. Fish were illuminated with a lamp that mimics solar irradiation. TiO₂NP exposure produced significant mortality at 1 ng/mL. Toxicity included stunted growth, delayed metamorphosis, malformations, organ pathology, and DNA damage. TiO₂NPs were found in the gills and gut and elsewhere. The two preparations differed in nominal particle diameter (12.1 ± 3.7 and 23.3 ± 9.8 nm) but produced aggregates in the 1 μm range. Both were taken up in a dose-dependent manner. Illuminated particles produced a time- and dose-dependent increase in 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine DNA adducts consistent with cumulative ROS damage. Zebrafish take up TiO₂NPs from the aqueous environment even at low ng/mL concentrations, and these particles when illuminated in the violet-near UV range produce cumulative toxicity