High-dose Radioiodine Outpatient Therapy [radioiodoterapia Ambulatorial De Alta Dose]

[No abstract available]533301302Maia, A.L., Ward, L.S., Carvalho, G.A., Graf, H., Maciel, R.M., Maciel, L.M., Thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: Brazilian consensus (2007) Arq Bras Endocrinol. Metabol., 51 (5), pp. 867-93Sapienza, M.T., Willegaignon, J., Ono, C.R., Watanabe, T., Guimarães, M.I.C.C., Gutterres, R.F., Radioiodoterapia do carcinoma diferenciado da tireoide: Impacto radiológico da liberação hospitalar de pacientes com atividades entre 100 e 150 mCi de iodo-131 (2007) Arq Bras Endocrinol. Metabol., 53 (3), pp. 318-25Rosenstein, M., Diagnostic reference levels for medical exposure of patients: ICRP guidance and related ICRU quantities (2008) Health Phys., 95 (5), pp. 528-34Gates, V.L., Carey, J.E., Siegel, J.A., Kaminski, M.S., Wahl, R.L., Nonmy-eloablative iodine-131 anti-B1 radioimmunotherapy as outpatient therapy (1998) J Nucl Med, 39 (7), pp. 1230-6Barrington, S.F., Anderson, P., Kettle, A.G., Gadd, R., Thomson, W.H., Batchelor, S., Measurement of the internal dose to families of outpatients treated with 131I for hyperthyroidism (2008) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 35 (11), pp. 2097-104Panzegrau, B., Gordon, L., Goudy, G.H., Outpatient therapeutic 131I for thyroid cancer (2005) J Nucl Med Technol, 33 (1), pp. 28-30Marriott, C.J., Webber, C.E., Gulenchyn, K.Y., Radiation exposure for 'caregivers' during high-dose outpatient radioiodine therapy (2007) Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 123 (1), pp. 62-7Coover, L.R., Silberstein, E.B., Kuhn, P.J., Graves, M.W., Therapeutic 131I in outpatients: A simplified method conforming to the Code of Federal Regulations, title 10, part 35.75 (2000) J Nucl Med, 41 (11), pp. 1868-75de Carvalho Jr., A.B., Hunt, J., Silva, A.X., Garcia, F., Use of a Voxel Phantom as a Source and a Second Voxel Phantom as a Target to Calculate Effective Doses in Individuals Exposed to Patients Treated with 131I (2009) J Nucl Med Technol, 37 (1), pp. 53-6The Code of Federal Regulations: Title 10, energypart 35, section 75, release of individuals containing radiopharmaceuticals or permanent implants (1997) Fed Regist., 62, pp. 4120-3

Lack of mutations of exon 2 of the MEN1 gene in endocrine and nonendocrine sporadic tumors

In addition to the mutations that underlie most cases of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, somatic mutations of the MEN1 gene have also been described in sporadic tumors like gastrinomas, insulinomas and bronchial carcinoid neoplasm. We examined exon 2 of this gene, where most of the mutations have been described, in 148 endocrine and nonendocrine sporadic tumors. DNA was obtained by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation from 92 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples, and from 40 fresh tumor tissue samples. We used 5 pairs of primers to encompass the complete coding sequence of exon 2 of the MEN1 gene that was screened by the polymerase chain reaction-single-stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique in 78 sporadic thyroid cancers: 28 follicular adenomas, 35 papillary carcinomas, 14 follicular carcinomas, and 1 anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. We also examined 46 adrenal lesions (3 hyperplasias, 3 adenomas and 35 adrenocortical carcinomas, 2 pheochromocytomas, 2 ganglioneuroblastomas, and 1 lymphoma) and 24 breast cancers (6 noninvasive, 16 infiltrating ductal, and 2 invasive lobular tumors). The PCR product of 5 tumors suspected to present band shifts by SSCP was cloned. Direct sense and antisense sequencing did not identify mutations. These results suggest that the MEN1 gene is not important in breast, thyroid or adrenal sporadic tumorigenesis. Because the frequency of mutations varies significantly among tumor subgroups and allelic deletions are frequently observed at 11q13 in thyroid and adrenal cancers, another tumor suppressor gene residing in this region is likely to be involved in the tumorigenesis of these neoplasms.86186

Thyroid Consensuses - Guidelines For Clinical Practice

[No abstract available]573161162Projeto Diretrizes AMB/CFM/ANS, , http://www.projetodiretrizes.org.br/ans/diretrizes.html, Available at, Accessed on: Mar 3, 2013American Thyroid Association Professional Guidelines, , http://thyroidguidelines.net/, Available at, Accessed on: Mar 3, 2013European Thyroid Association guidelines, , http://www.eurothyroid.com/guidelines/eta_guidelines.php, Available at, Accessed on: Mar 3, 201

Molecular Markers In The Diagnosis Of Thyroid Nodules [marcadores Moleculares No Diagnóstico De Nódulos Tireoidianos]

An indeterminate thyroid nodule cytology result occurs about every sixth fine-needle aspiration. These indeterminate nodules harbor a 24% risk of malignancy (ROM); too high to ignore, but driving surgery where most nodules are benign. Molecular diagnostics have emerged to ideally avoid surgery when appropriate, and to trigger the correct therapeutic surgery when indicated, as opposed to an incomplete diagnostic surgery. No current molecular test offers both high sensitivity and high specificity. A molecular diagnostic test with high sensitivity (e.g. Afirma Gene Expression Classifier sensitivity 90%) offers a high Negative Predictive Value when the ROM is relatively low, such as < 30%. Only such tests can "rule-out" cancer. In this setting, a molecularly benign result suggests the same ROM as that of operated cytologically benign nodules (~6%). Thus, clinical observation can replace diagnostic surgery; increasing quality of life and decreasing medical costs. However, its low specificity cannot "rule-in" cancer as a suspicious result has a Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of ~40%, perhaps too low to routinely reflex to definitive cancer surgery. Conversely, high specificity tests (BRAF, RAS, PPAR/PAX-8, RET/PTC, PTEN) offer high PPV results, and only these tests can "rule-in" cancer. Here a positive molecular result warrants definitive therapeutic surgery. However, their low sensitivity cannot "rule-out" cancer and a negative molecular result cannot dissuade diagnostic surgery; limiting their cost-effectiveness. Whether or not there is a useful and cost-effective role to sequentially combine these approaches, or to modify existing approaches, is under investigation. © ABE&M todos os direitos reservados.5728997Cooper, D.S., Doherty, G.M., Haugen, B.R., Kloos, R.T., Lee, S.L., Mandel, S.J., Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer (2009) Thyroid, 19 (11), pp. 1167-1214Hegedus, L., Clinical practice.The thyroid nodule (2004) N Engl J Med, 351 (17), pp. 1764-1771Melillo, R.M., Santoro, M., Molecular biomarkers in thyroid FNA samples (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97 (12), pp. 4370-4373Wang, C.C., Friedman, L., Kennedy, G.C., Wang, H., Kebebew, E., Steward, D.L., A large multicenter correlation study of thyroid nodule cytopathology and histopathology (2011) Thyroid, 21 (3), pp. 243-251Bryson, P.C., Shores, C.G., Hart, C., Thorne, L., Patel, M.R., Richey, L., Immunohistochemical distinction of follicular thyroid adenomas and follicular carcinomas (2008) Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 134 (6), pp. 581-586Saravanan, P., Chau, W.F., Roberts, N., Vedhara, K., Greenwood, R., Dayan, C.M., Psychological well-being in patients on "adequate" doses of l-thyroxine: Results of a large, controlled community-based questionnaire study (2002) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 57 (5), pp. 577-585Cooper, D.S., Biondi, B., Subclinical thyroid disease (2012) Lancet, 379 (9821), pp. 1142-1154Shrime, M.G., Goldstein, D.P., Seaberg, R.M., Sawka, A.M., Rotstein, L., Freeman, J.L., Cost-effective management of low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (2007) Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 133 (12), pp. 1245-1253Esnaola, N.F., Cantor, S.B., Sherman, S.I., Lee, J.E., Evans, D.B., Optimal treatment strategy in patients with papillary thyroid cancer: A decision analysis (2001) Surgery, 130 (6), pp. 921-930Hundahl, S.A., Cady, B., Cunningham, M.P., Mazzaferri, E., McKee, R.F., Rosai, J., Initial results from a prospective cohort study of 5,583 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the United States during 1996. U.S. and German Thyroid Cancer Study Group. An American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer Patient Care Evaluation study (2000) Cancer, 89 (1), pp. 202-217Bergenfelz, A., Jansson, S., Kristoffersson, A., Martensson, H., Reihner, E., Wallin, G., Complications to thyroid surgery: Results as reported in a database from a multicenter audit comprising 3,660 patients (2008) Langenbecks Arch Surg, 393 (5), pp. 667-673Ernandes-Neto, M., Tagliarini, J.V., Lopez, B.E., Padovani, C.R., Marques Mde, A., Castilho, E.C., Factors influencing thyroidectomy complications (2012) Braz J Otorhinolaryngol, 78 (3), pp. 63-69Sosa, J.A., Bowman, H.M., Tielsch, J.M., Powe, N.R., Gordon, T.A., Udelsman, R., The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy (1998) Ann Surg, 228 (3), pp. 320-330Saunders, B.D., Wainess, R.M., Dimick, J.B., Doherty, G.M., Upchurch, G.R., Gauger, P.G., Who Performs Endocrine Operations In the United States? (2003) Surgery, 134 (6), pp. 924-931. , discussion 931Gonzalez-Sanchez, C., Franch-Arcas, G., Gomez-Alonso, A., Morbidity following thyroid surgery: Does surgeon volume matter? (2012) Langenbecks Arch Surg, , Nov 6Borget, I., Vielh, P., Leboulleux, S., Allyn, M., Iacobelli, S., Schlumberger, M., Assessment of the cost of fine-needle aspiration cytology as a diagnostic tool in patients with thyroid nodules (2008) Am J Clin Pathol, 129 (5), pp. 763-771Renshaw, A., An estimate of risk of malignancy for a benign diagnosis in thyroid fine-needle aspirates (2010) Cancer Cytopathol, 118 (4), pp. 190-195Lewis, C.M., Chang, K.P., Pitman, M., Faquin, W.C., Randolph, G.W., Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy: Variability in reporting (2009) Thyroid, 19 (7), pp. 717-723Shrestha, M., Crothers, B.A., Burch, H.B., The impact of thyroid nodule size on the risk of malignancy and accuracy of fine-needle aspiration: A 10-year study from a single institution (2012) Thyroid, 22 (12), pp. 1251-1256Alexander, E.K., Kennedy, G.C., Baloch, Z.W., Cibas, E.S., Chudova, D., Diggans, J., Preoperative diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology (2012) N Engl J Med, 367, pp. 705-715Marchevsky, A.M., Walts, A.E., Bose, S., Gupta, R., Fan, X., Frishberg, D., Evidence-based evaluation of the risks of malignancy predicted by thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies (2010) Diagn Cytopathol, 38 (4), pp. 252-259Davies, L., Welch, H.G., Thyroid cancer survival in the United States: Observational data from 1973 to 2005 (2010) Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 136 (5), pp. 440-444Ito, Y., Miyauchi, A., Inoue, H., Fukushima, M., Kihara, M., Higashiyama, T., An observational trial for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japanese patients (2010) World J Surg, 34 (1), pp. 28-35Renshaw, A.A., Subclassification of atypical cells of undetermined significance in direct smears of fine-needle aspirations of the thyroid: Distinct patterns and associated risk of malignancy (2011) Cancer Cytopathol, 119 (5), pp. 322-327Piana, S., Frasoldati, A., Ferrari, M., Valcavi, R., Froio, E., Barbieri, V., Is a five-category reporting scheme for thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology accurate?Experience of over 18,000 FNAs reported at the same institution during 1998-2007 (2011) Cytopathology, 22 (3), pp. 164-173Cibas, E.S., Ali, S.Z., The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (2009) Thyroid, 19 (11), pp. 1159-1165Walts, A.E., Bose, S., Fan, X., Frishberg, D., Scharre, K., de Peralta-Venturina, M., A simplified Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytopathology using only four categories improves intra- and in- ter-observer diagnostic agreement and provides non-overlapping estimates of malignancy risks (2012) Diagn Cytopathol, 40 (SUPPL. 1), pp. E62-E68Vanderlaan, P.A., Marqusee, E., Krane, J.F., Clinical outcome for atypia of undetermined significance in thyroid fine-needle aspirations: Should repeated fna be the preferred initial approach? (2011) Am J Clin Pathol, 135 (5), pp. 770-775Bongiovanni, M., Krane, J.F., Cibas, E.S., Faquin, W.C., The atypical thyroid fine-needle aspiration: Past, present, and future (2012) Cancer Cytopathol, 120 (2), pp. 73-86Faquin, W.C., Baloch, Z.W., Fine-needle aspiration of follicular patterned lesions of the thyroid: Diagnosis, management, and follow-up according to National Cancer Institute (NCI) recommendations (2010) Diagn Cytopathol, 38 (10), pp. 731-739Renshaw, A.A., Does a repeated benign aspirate change the risk of malignancy after an initial atypical thyroid fine-needle aspiration? (2010) Am J Clin Pathol, 134 (5), pp. 788-792Na, D.G., Kim, J.H., Sung, J.Y., Baek, J.H., Jung, K.C., Lee, H., Coreneedle biopsy is more useful than repeat fine-needle aspiration in thyroid nodules read as nondiagnostic or atypia of undetermined significance by the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (2012) Thyroid, 22 (5), pp. 468-475de Matos, P.S., Ferreira, A.P., de Oliveira Facuri, F., Assumpcao, L.V., Metze, K., Ward, L.S., Usefulness of HBME-1, cytokeratin 19 and galectin-3 immunostaining in the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy (2005) Histopathology, 47 (4), pp. 391-401Kim, M.I., Alexander, E.K., Diagnostic use of molecular markers in the evaluation of thyroid nodules (2012) Endocr Pract, 18 (5), pp. 796-802Lodewijk, L., Prins, A.M., Kist, J.W., Valk, G.D., Kranenburg, O., Rinkes, I.H., The value of miRNA in diagnosing thyroid cancer: A systematic review (2012) Cancer Biomark, 11 (6), pp. 229-238Dettmer, M., Vogetseder, A., Durso, M.B., Moch, H., Komminoth, P., Perren, A., MicroRNA expression array identifies novel diagnostic markers for conventional and oncocytic follicular thyroid carcinomas (2013) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98 (1), pp. E1-E7Kleiman, D.A., Sporn, M.J., Beninato, T., Crowley, M.J., Nguyen, A., Uccelli, A., Preoperative BRAF(V600E) mutation screening is unlikely to alter initial surgical treatment of patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules: A prospective case series of 960 patients (2012) Cancer, , Dec 21Nikiforov, Y.E., Ohori, N.P., Hodak, S.P., Carty, S.E., Lebeau, S.O., Ferris, R.L., Impact of mutational testing on the diagnosis and management of patients with cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules: A prospective analysis of 1056 FNA samples (2011) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96 (11), pp. 3390-3397Ferraz, C., Eszlinger, M., Paschke, R., Current state and future perspective of molecular diagnosis of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules (2011) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96 (7), pp. 2016-2026Yip, L., Farris, C., Kabaker, A.S., Hodak, S.P., Nikiforova, M.N., McCoy, K.L., Cost impact of molecular testing for indeterminate thyroid nodule fine-needle aspiration biopsies (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97 (6), pp. 1905-1912Jameson, J.L., Minimizing unnecessary surgery for thyroid nodules (2012) N Engl J Med, 367 (8), pp. 765-767NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (2013) Thyroid Carcinoma, , http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/thyroid.pdf, Available, Accessed on: Jan 9Walsh, P.S., Wilde, J.I., Tom, E.Y., Reynolds, J.D., Chen, D.C., Chudova, D.I., Analytical performance verification of a molecular diagnostic for cytology-indeterminate thyroid nodules (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97 (12), pp. E2297-E2306Chudova, D., Wilde, J.I., Wang, E.T., Wang, H., Rabbee, N., Egidio, C.M., Molecular classification of thyroid nodules using high-dimensionality genomic data (2010) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95 (12), pp. 5296-5304Lew, J.I., Snyder, R.A., Sanchez, Y.M., Solorzano, C.C., Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid: Correlation with final histopathology in a surgical series of 797 patients (2011) J Am Coll Surg, 213 (1), pp. 188-194. , discussion 194-85Papaparaskeva, K., Nagel, H., Droese, M., Cytologic diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (2000) Diagn Cytopathol, 22 (6), pp. 351-358Shah, S.S., Faquin, W.C., Izquierdo, R., Khurana, K.K., FNA of misclassified primary malignant neoplasms of the thyroid: Impact on clinical management (2009) Cytojournal, 6, p. 1Jo, V.Y., Stelow, E.B., Dustin, S.M., Hanley, K.Z., Malignancy risk for fineneedle aspiration of thyroid lesions according to the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (2010) Am J Clin Pathol, 134 (3), pp. 450-456Choi, N., Moon, W.J., Lee, J.H., Baek, J.H., Kim, D.W., Park, S.W., Ultrasonographic findings of medullary thyroid cancer: Differences according to tumor size and correlation with fine needle aspiration results (2011) Acta Radiol, 52 (3), pp. 312-316Bugalho, M.J., Santos, J.R., Sobrinho, L., Preoperative diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma: Fine needle aspiration cytology as compared with serum calcitonin measurement (2005) J Surg Oncol, 91 (1), pp. 56-60Kudo, T., Miyauchi, A., Ito, Y., Takamura, Y., Amino, N., Hirokawa, M., Diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma by calcitonin measurement in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens (2007) Thyroid, 17 (7), pp. 635-638Dustin, S.M., Jo, V.Y., Hanley, K.Z., Stelow, E.B., High sensitivity and positive predictive value of fine-needle aspiration for uncommon thyroid malignancies (2012) Diagn Cytopathol, 40 (5), pp. 416-421Elisei, R., Bottici, V., Luchetti, F., Di Coscio, G., Romei, C., Grasso, L., Impact of routine measurement of serum calcitonin on the diagnosis and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: Experience in 10,864 patients with nodular thyroid disorders (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89 (1), pp. 163-168Fischer, A.H., Clayton, A.C., Bentz, J.S., Wasserman, P.G., Henry, M.R., Souers, R.J., Performance differences between conventional smears and liquid-based preparations of thyroid fineneedle aspiration samples: Analysis of 47,076 responses in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Non-Gynecologic Cytology (2013) Arch Pathol Lab Med, 137 (1), pp. 26-31Kloos, R.T., O'Reilly, K., Traweek, S.T., Alexander, E.K., Harrell, R.M., Haugen, B.R., (2012) Novel Gene Expression Classifier Raises Pre-operative Suspicion of Medullary Thyroid Cancer (abstract). AACE 21st Annual Scientific and Clinical Congress, , Philadelphia, PACostante, G., Durante, C., Francis, Z., Schlumberger, M., Filetti, S., Determination of calcitonin levels in C-cell disease: Clinical interest and potential pitfalls (2009) Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab, 5 (1), pp. 35-44Kloos, R.T., Eng, C., Evans, D.B., Francis, G.L., Gagel, R.F., Gharib, H., Medullary thyroid cancer: Management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association (2009) Thyroid, 19 (6), pp. 565-612Duick, D.S., Klopper, J.P., Diggans, J.C., Friedman, L., Kennedy, G.C., Lanman, R.B., The Impact of Benign Gene Expression Classifier Test Results on the Endocrinologist-Patient Decision to Operate on Patients with Thyroid Nodules with Indeterminate Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytopathology (2012) Thyroid, , Jul 11Li, H., Robinson, K.A., Anton, B., Saldanha, I.J., Ladenson, P.W., Cost-effectiveness of a novel molecular test for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules (2011) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96 (11), pp. E1719-E1726Yassa, L., Cibas, E.S., Benson, C.B., Frates, M.C., Doubilet, P.M., Gawande, A.A., Long-term assessment of a multidisciplinary approach to thyroid nodule diagnostic evaluation (2007) Cancer, 111 (6), pp. 508-51

Chemical composition and minerals in pyrite ash of an abandoned sulphuric acid production plant

The extraction of sulphur produces a hematite-rich waste, known as roasted pyrite ash, which contains significant amounts of environmentally sensitive elements in variable concentrations and modes of occurrence. Whilst the mineralogy of roasted pyrite ash associated with iron or copper mining has been studied, as this is the main source of sulphur worldwide, the mineralogy, and more importantly, the characterization of submicron, ultrafine and nanoparticles, in coal-derived roasted pyrite ash remain to be resolved. In this work we provide essential data on the chemical composition and nanomineralogical assemblage of roasted pyrite ash. XRD, HR-TEM and FE-SEM were used to identify a large variety of minerals of anthropogenic origin. These phases result from highly complex chemical reactions occurring during the processing of coal pyrite of southern Brazil for sulphur extraction and further manufacture of sulphuric acid. Iron-rich submicron, ultrafine and nanoparticles within the ash may contain high proportions of toxic elements such as As, Se, U, among others. A number of elements, such as As, Cr, Cu, Co, La, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Ti, Zn, and Zr, were found to be present in individual nanoparticles and submicron, ultrafine and nanominerals (e.g. oxides, sulphates, clays) in concentrations of up to 5%. The study of nanominerals in roasted pyrite ash from coal rejects is important to develop an understanding on the nature of this by-product, and to assess the interaction between emitted nanominerals, ultra-fine particles, and atmospheric gases, rain or body fluids, and thus to evaluate the environmental and health impacts of pyrite ash materials

Comparative Analysis Of The New Guidelines And Consensuses For The Management Of Hypothyroidism, Thyroid Nodules, And Differentiated Thyroid Cancer [análise Comparativa Das Novas Diretrizes E Consensos Para O Manejo Do Hipotireoidismo, Nódulos Tireoidianos E Câncer Diferenciado De Tireoide]

[No abstract available]574233239Rosário, P., Ward, L., Carvalho, G., Graf, H., Maciel, R., McIel, L., Thyroid nodule and differentiated thyroid cancer: Update on the Brazilian consensus (2013) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab.Maia, A.L., Ward, L.S., Carvalho, G.A., Graf, H., Maciel, R.M., McIel, L.M., Thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: Brazilian consensus (2007) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol., 51 (5), pp. 867-893Graf, H., Sgarbi, J., Vaisman, M., Bergoglio, L., Brenta, G., Orlandi, A., Clinical practice guideline for the management of hypothyroidism (2013) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab.Garber, J.R., Cobin, R.H., Gharib, H., Hennessey, J.V., Klein, I., Mechanick, J.I., Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: Co-sponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association (2013) Thyroid., 22 (12), pp. 1200-1235Carvalho, G., Perez, C., Ward, L., The clinical use of thyroid function tests (2013) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab., 57 (3), pp. 193-204Brent, G.A., The debate over thyroid-function screening in pregnancy (2012) N Engl J Med, 366 (6), pp. 562-563Ladenson, P.W., Singer, P.A., Ain, K.B., Bagchi, N., Bigos, S.T., Levy, E.G., American Thyroid Association guidelines for detection of thyroid dysfunction (2000) Arch Intern Med., 160 (11), pp. 1573-1575Hyland, K.A., Arnold, A.M., Lee, J.S., Cappola, A.R., Persistent subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular risk in the elderly: The cardiovascular health study (2013) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 98 (2), pp. 533-540Sgarbi, J., Teixeira, P., McIel, L., Mazeto, G., Vaisman, M., Montenegro Jr., R., The Brazilian consensus for the clinical approach and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in adults: Recommendations of the thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (2013) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab.Wiersinga, W.M., Duntas, L., Fadeyev, V., Nygaard, B., Vanderpump, M.P.J., 2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4 + L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism (2012) Eur Thyroid J., 1, pp. 55-71Cooper, D.S., Doherty, G.M., Haugen, B.R., Kloos, R.T., Lee, S.L., Mandel, S.J., Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer (2009) Thyroid., 19 (11), pp. 1167-1214Can, A.S., Peker, K., Comparison of palpation-versus ultrasoundguided fine-needle aspiration biopsies in the evaluation of thyroid nodules (2008) BMC Res Notes., 1, p. 12Cesur, M., Corapcioglu, D., Bulut, S., Gursoy, A., Yilmaz, A.E., Erdogan, N., Comparison of palpation-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy to ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of thyroid nodules (2006) Thyroid., 16 (6), pp. 555-561Izquierdo, R., Arekat, M.R., Knudson, P.E., Kartun, K.F., Khurana, K., Kort, K., Comparison of palpation-guided versus ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsies of thyroid nodules in an outpatient endocrinology practice (2006) Endocr Pract., 12 (6), pp. 609-614Cerutti, J.M., Nodule diagnosed as follicular patterned lesion: Are biomarkers the promise? (2007) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol., 51 (5), pp. 832-842Ward, L.S., Kloos, R.T., Molecular markers in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules (2013) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol., 57 (2), pp. 89-97Schlumberger, M., Catargi, B., Borget, I., Deandreis, D., Zerdoud, S., Bridji, B., Strategies of radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer (2012) N Engl J Med., 366 (18), pp. 1663-1673Sawka, A.M., Iodine radioisotope diagnostic scanning with SPECT/ CT after thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer: Essential data or unnecessary investigation? (2013) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 98 (3), pp. 958-96

No evidence for mutations in exons 1, 8 and 18 of the patched gene in sporadic skin lesions of Brazilian patients

There is strong evidence that the patched (PTCH) gene is a gene for susceptibility to the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. PTCH has also been shown to mutate in both familial and sporadic basal cell carcinomas. However, mutations of the gene seem to be rare in squamous cell carcinomas. In order to characterize the role of the gene in the broader spectrum of sporadic skin malignant and pre-malignant lesions, we performed a polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis of genomic DNA extracted from 105 adult patients (46 females and 59 males). There were 66 patients with basal cell carcinomas, 30 with squamous cell carcinomas, 2 with malignant melanomas and 7 patients with precancerous lesions. Two tissue samples were collected from each patient, one from the central portion of the tumor and another from normal skin. Using primers that encompass the entire exon 1, exon 8 and exon 18, where most of the mutations have been detected, we were unable to demonstrate any band shift. Three samples suspected to present aberrant migrating bands were excised from the gel and sequenced directly. In addition, we sequenced 12 other cases, including tumors and corresponding normal samples. A wild-type sequence was found in all 15 cases. Although our results do not exclude the presence of clonal alterations of the PTCH gene in skin cancers or mutations in other exons that were not screened, the present data do not support the presence of frequent mutations reported for non-melanoma skin cancer of other populations.45946

The AdS/CFT/Unparticle Correspondence

We examine the correspondence between the anti-de Sitter (AdS) description of conformal field theories (CFTs) and the unparticle description of CFTs. We show how unparticle actions are equivalent to holographic boundary actions for fields in AdS, and how massive unparticles provide a new type of infrared cutoff that can be simply implemented in AdS by a soft breaking of conformal symmetry. We also show that processes involving scalar unparticles with dimensions d_s<2 or fermion unparticles with dimensions d_f<5/2 are insensitive to ultraviolet cutoff effects. Finally we show that gauge interactions for unparticles can be described by bulk gauge interactions in AdS and that they correspond to minimal gauging of the non-local effective action, and we compute the fermion unparticle production cross-section.Comment: 26 pages, 1 figur

Childhood and the politics of scale: Descaling children's geographies?

This is the post-print version of the final published paper that is available from the link below. Copyright @ 2008 SAGE Publications.The past decade has witnessed a resurgence of interest in the geographies of children's lives, and particularly in engaging the voices and activities of young people in geographical research. Much of this growing body of scholarship is characterized by a very parochial locus of interest — the neighbourhood, playground, shopping mall or journey to school. In this paper I explore some of the roots of children's geographies' preoccupation with the micro-scale and argue that it limits the relevance of research, both politically and to other areas of geography. In order to widen the scope of children's geographies, some scholars have engaged with developments in the theorization of scale. I present these arguments but also point to their limitations. As an alternative, I propose that the notion of a flat ontology might help overcome some difficulties around scalar thinking, and provide a useful means of conceptualizing sociospatiality in material and non-hierarchical terms. Bringing together flat ontology and work in children's geographies on embodied subjectivity, I argue that it is important to examine the nature and limits of children's spaces of perception and action. While these spaces are not simply `local', they seldom afford children opportunities to comment on, or intervene in, the events, processes and decisions that shape their own lives. The implications for the substance and method of children's geographies and for geographical work on scale are considered