A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Continued Influence of Misinformation in the Face of Correction: How Powerful Is It, Why Does It Happen, and How to Stop It?

A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the extent of continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction and the theoretical explanations of this phenomenon. Aggregation of results from 32 studies (N = 6,527) revealed that, on average, correction does not entirely eliminate the effect of misinformation (r = –.05, p = .045). Corrective messages were found to be more successful when they are coherent, consistent with the audience’s worldview, and delivered by the source of the misinformation itself. Corrections are less effective if the misinformation was attributed to a credible source, the misinformation has been repeated multiple times prior to correction, or when there was a time lag between the delivery of the misinformation and the correction. These findings are consistent with predictions based on theories of mental models and offer concrete recommendations for practitioners

Establishing baselines and introducing TernaryMixOE for fine-grained out-of-distribution detection

Machine learning models deployed in the open world may encounter observations that they were not trained to recognize, and they risk misclassifying such observations with high confidence. Therefore, it is essential that these models are able to ascertain what is in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD), to avoid this misclassification. In recent years, huge strides have been made in creating models that are robust to this distinction. As a result, the current state-of-the-art has reached near perfect performance on relatively coarse-grained OOD detection tasks, such as distinguishing horses from trucks, while struggling with finer-grained classification, like differentiating models of commercial aircraft. In this paper, we describe a new theoretical framework for understanding fine- and coarse-grained OOD detection, we re-conceptualize fine grained classification into a three part problem, and we propose a new baseline task for OOD models on two fine-grained hierarchical data sets, two new evaluation methods to differentiate fine- and coarse-grained OOD performance, along with a new loss function for models in this task

pH-Independent, 520 mV Open-Circuit Voltages of Si/Methyl Viologen^(2+/+) Contacts Through Use of Radial n^+p-Si Junction Microwire Array Photoelectrodes

The effects of introducing an n^+-doped emitter layer have been evaluated for both planar Si photoelectrodes and for radial junction Si microwire-array photoelectrodes. In contact with the pH-independent, one-electron, outer-sphere, methyl viologen redox system (denoted MV^(2+/+)), both planar and wire array p-Si photoelectrodes yielded open-circuit voltages, V_(oc), that varied with the pH of the solution. The highest V_(oc) values were obtained at pH = 2.9, with V_(oc) = 0.53 V for planar p-Si electrodes and V_(oc) = 0.42 V for vapor−liquid−solid catalyzed p-Si microwire array samples, under 60 mW cm^(−2) of 808 nm illumination. Increases in the pH of the electrolyte produced a decrease in V_(oc) by approximately −44 mV/pH unit for planar electrodes, with similar trends observed for the Si microwire array electrodes. In contrast, introduction of a highly doped, n^+ emitter layer produced V_(oc) = 0.56 V for planar Si electrodes and V_(oc) = 0.52 V for Si microwire array electrodes, with the photoelectrode properties in each system being essentially independent of pH over six pH units (3 < pH < 9). Hence, formation of an n^+ emitter layer not only produced nearly identical photovoltages for planar and Si microwire array photoelectrodes, but decoupled the band energetics of the semiconductor (and hence the obtainable photovoltage) from the value of the redox potential of the solution. The formation of radial junctions on Si microwire arrays thus provides an approach to obtaining Si-based photoelectrodes with high-photovoltages that can be used for a variety of photoelectrochemical processes, including potentially the hydrogen evolution reaction, under various pH conditions, regardless of the intrinsic barrier height and flat-band properties of the Si/liquid contact

Temperature and Magnetic Field Dependencies of Condon Domain Phase in Lifschitz-Kosevich-Shoenberg Approximation

The temperature and magnetic field behavior of non-uniform diamagnetic phase of strongly correlated electron gas at the conditions of dHvA effect is analyzed. It is shown, that in the framework of Lifschitz-Kosevich-Shoenberg approximation the magnetic induction splitting, as well as the range of existence of Condon domains, are characterized by strong dependencies on temperature, magnetic field and impurities of the sample.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Meta-Analysis of Anger and Persuasion: An Empirical Integration of Four Models

Despite the increasing use of anger in persuasive messaging, such as political ads and health campaigns, very little is known about when and how anger affects persuasion. Building on theoretical propositions derived from four theoretical models that have addressed the link between anger and persuasion, the current meta-analysis (k = 55, N = 6,805) finds a weak impact of anger on behavior (r = .15, p = .04) and nonsignificant effects on attitudes (r = −.03, p = .30) and intent (r = .06, p = .13). Yet a closer look reveals a more complicated reality, where positive effects are identified with the presence of strong arguments, relevant anger, and the inclusion of efficacy appeals. Further, the study identifies an interplay between emotional intensity and argument strength, such that argument strength plays an important role only at lower levels of anger. The study concludes by integrating the results and proposing three promising areas for future research into anger and persuasion

Book Reviews

TRIAL BY JURY. By Samuel W. McCart. CLINICAL INVESTIGATION IN MEDICINE: Legal, Ethical and Moral Aspects. Edited by Irving Ladimer and Roger W. Newman. RELIGION AND THE CONSTITUTION. By Paul G. Kauper

Solar Water Splitting Cells

No abstract

Direct energy landscape sampling of the homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth of a model liquid

A material's properties can be effected greatly by the method of synthesis of the material. The first step in the synthesis of any material is the nucleation of the material's phase. Nucleation and crystal growth are understood to be activated processes involving the crossing of free-energy barriers. Attempts to capture the entire crystallization process over long timescales with molecular dynamic simulations have met major obstacles because of the temporal constraints of molecular dynamics. Herein, we circumvent this temporal limitation by using an improved metadynamics method based on the adaptive basin-climbing algorithm to directly sample the potential-energy landscape of a monotonic, model-liquid Argon system. The algorithm biases the system to evolve from a liquid-like structure towards an FCC crystal structure through inherent structures. Compared to other computational techniques, our method requires no assumptions about the shape, size, or thermodynamics properties of the critical crystal nucleus, and does not require a nucleation seed to simulate the growth process. Consequently, the sampled timescale is macroscopically long, magnitudes longer than molecular dynamics simulations. Thus, we observe that the formation of a crystal involves two processes, each with a unique temperature-dependent energy barrier. One barrier corresponds to the creation of a crystal nucleation site; the other barrier corresponds to the crystal growth. We find the two processes dominate in different temperature regimes. Further, we provide empirical evidence for the non-monotonic temperature dependence of the nucleation energy barrier and the nucleation rate. Then, we also use metadynamics on a fragile glass forming system, and compare the landscape and timescale of the fragile glass former to the good crystal former. The stark difference in landscapes provides an energy landscape explanation for the nucleation process. The success of this method on a model liquid system is encouraging for elucidating the crystallization of more complex systems

Selected genes of Human herpesvirus-8 associated Kaposi’s sarcoma among patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease Syndrome

Introduction:&nbsp;Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a kind of cancer that causes flat or raised lesions containing Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8). The KS lesions are common among immunosuppressed HIV patients. Highly Active Antiretroviral (HHART) treats and prevents the development of KS. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of K1 and K15 (predominant alleles) genes in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) among immunosuppressed patients due to HIV -1. Methods:&nbsp;this was a cross-sectional descriptive study where consecutive sampling technique was adopted to pick archived tissue blocks from the Thematic Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Human Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Histology Section, Kenyatta National Hospital Results:&nbsp;upon staining 81 tissue blocks with H &amp; E, 84% (68/81) were diagnosed as KS and 16% (13/81) as KS-like. The K1 and K15 (P) genes were both detected at 88.9% (72/81) in the tissue blocks, with 95.8% (69/72) detection from KS and4.2% (3/72) from the KS-like. Conclusion:&nbsp;the K1 and K15 (P) genes of KSHV were present among the immunosuppressed patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1. It is important to carry out K1 and K15 (P) genes detection on tissues that are diagnosed as KS or KS-like by histology techniqu