Reprinting Russia: Anti-Imperial Discourse in Elias Boudinot?s Cherokee Phoenix

While much work has explored American Indian print resistance to the encroaching United States, little scholarship has explored reprinting as a method of resistance. Building on Meredith McGill?s argument that reprinting is ?legible as an independently signifying act? (5), this analysis shows how Elias Boudinot, editor of the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper from 1828 to 1832, selectively reprinted articles about the Russian Empire to foster an anti-imperial spirit among his readers. This analysis shows that Boudinot subversively played on the idea of Russia as the United States? distant twin by predominantly republishing articles that portray Russia as cruel, weak, and an enemy to democratic ideals of liberty and freedom. Such a portrayal instills a resistant attitude in his readership against Russian-style imperialism and the countries which subscribe to it. This analysis calls for refocusing of attention away from great powers and onto smaller nations affected by great power politics

Gas-Particle Dynamics in High-Speed Flows

High-speed disperse multiphase flows are present in numerous environmental and engineering applications with complex interactions between turbulence, shock waves, and particles. Compared to its incompressible counterpart, compressible two-phase flows introduce new scales of motion that challenge simulations and experiments. This review focuses on gas-particle interactions spanning subsonic to supersonic flow conditions. An overview of existing Mach number-dependent drag laws is presented, with origins from 18th-century cannon firings, and new insights from particle-resolved numerical simulations. The equations of motion and phenomenology for a single particle are first reviewed. Multi-particle systems spanning dusty gases to dense suspensions are then discussed from numerical and experimental perspectives

Events and the Ontology of Individuals: Verbs as a Source of Individuating Mass and Count Nouns

What does mass-count syntax contribute to the interpretation of noun phrases (NPs), and how much of NP meaning is contributed by lexical items alone? Many have argued that count syntax specifies reference to countable individuals (e.g., cats) while mass syntax specifies reference to unindividuated entities (e.g., water). We evaluated this claim using the quantity judgment method, and tested the interpretation of words used in mass and count syntax that described either protracted, "durative" events (e.g., mass: some dancing; count: a dance), or instantaneous, "punctual" events (e.g., mass: some jumping; count: a jump). For durative words, participants judged, for example, that six brief dances are more dances but less dancing than two long dances, thus showing a significant difference in their interpretation of the count and mass usages. However, for punctual words, participants judged, for example, that six small jumps are both more jumps and more jumping than two long jumps, resulting in no difference due to mass-count syntax. Further, when asked which dimensions are important for comparing quantities of durative and punctual events, participants ranked number as first in importance for durative and punctual words presented in count syntax, but also for punctual words presented in mass syntax. These results indicate that names for punctual events individuate when used in either mass or count syntax, and thus provide evidence against the idea that mass syntax forces an unindividuated construal. They also indicate that event punctuality as encoded by verbs is importantly linked to the individuation of NPs, and may access a common underlying ontology of individuals.Psycholog

Modelling forest recolonization by an epiphytic lichen using a landscape genetic approach

The process of recolonization after disturbance is crucial for the persistence and dynamics of patch-tracking metapopulations. We developed a model to compare the spatial distribution and spatial genetic structure of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria within the perimeter of two reconstructed 19th century disturbances with a nearby reference area without stand-level disturbance. Population genetic data suggested that after stand-replacing disturbance, each plot was colonized by one or a few genotypes only, which subsequently spread clonally within a local neighborhood. The model (cellular automaton) aimed at testing the validity of this interpretation and at assessing the relative importance of local dispersal of clonal propagules vs. long-distance dispersal of clonal and/or sexual diaspores. A reasonable model fit was reached for the empirical data on host tree distribution, lichen distribution, and tree- and plot-level genotype diversity of the lichen in the reference area. Although model calibration suggested a predominance of local dispersal of clonal propagules, a substantial contribution of immigration of non-local genotypes by long-distance dispersal was needed to reach the observed levels of genotype diversity. The model could not fully explain the high degree of clonality after stand-replacing disturbance, suggesting that the dispersal process itself may not be stationary but depend on the ecological conditions related to disturbanc

Swimming in Modern Singapore

The 1950s began a period of gradual independence for Singapore. The nation removed itself from British political structures and established its own governmental bodies to guide public policy and the design of the physical environment. In the recreational lives of Singaporeans, this post-war period was also a dawning ‘age of swimming pools’. The continuing growth of international shipping lanes and shipbuilding industries made ocean swimming unpopular, and national land reclamations landlocked the previous seaside tidal pools. Local bathing cultures, which had once looked outward to the edges of the island, started looking inland as the policy of building more public pools became official urban strategy. When the Housing and Development Board planned new towns, they included swimming as a key public amenity. The Jurong Town Corporation similarly found it essential to incorporate swimming into its development of industrial estates and workers’ housing. In this paper we study the design and political context of swimming in Singapore, concentrating on facilities built between the 1960s and the 1980s. Such examples of the spectacle of modern leisure architecture provided images of glamour among the brutalist housing estates. More importantly, we argue, these examples also relate to the spectacle of the body beautiful. Singapore’s threatened attitude in the 1960s led to a new military service system and necessitated a culture of readiness – this manifested in national fitness programmes, and body displays in the form of “Sport For All” events and military parades. For the good of the nation, Singaporeans were taught to be agile, physically fit, and military minded. Ready access to swimming pools both provided an avenue for nationally-sanctioned exercise regimes, and contributed to shaping a positive image of the new nation’s material aspirations. This paper deals with themes of architecture, leisure, and fitness, and aims to contribute to a wider understanding of the experience of modernity in republican Singapore

Parameter passing in algebraic specification languages

AbstractIn this paper we study the semantics of the parameter passing mechanism in algebraic specification languages. More precisely, this problem is studied for parameterized data types and parameterized specifications. The given results include the extension of the model functor (which is useful for correctness proofs) and the semantic properties of the result of inserting actual parameters into parameterized specifications. In particular, actual parameters can be parameterized and the result is nested parameterized specification. Correctness of an applied (matrix(int)) or a nested (bintree(string())) parameterized specification is shown given correctness of the parts. The formal theory in this paper is restricted to the basic algebraic case where only equations are allowed in the parameter declaration and parameter passing is given by specification morphisms. But we also give the main ideas of a corresponding theory with requirements where we allow different kinds of restrictions in the parameter declaration

Growth dynamics after historic disturbance in a montane forest and its implications for an endangered epiphytic lichen

Bolli J.C., Wagner H.H., Kalwij J.M., Werth S., Cherubini P., Scheidegger C. and Rigling A. 2008. Growth dynamics after historic disturbance in a montane forest and its implications for an endangered epiphytic lichen. Bot. Helv. 118: 111 - 127. Endangered forest species are often negatively affected by disturbances, which may have long-lasting effects on the distribution, abundance and genetic diversity of such species. To understand the effects of historic disturbances, detailed knowledge of the conditions for survival and recolonisation is needed, and this requires precise information on the perimeter and severity of historic disturbance events. We reconstructed a major historic disturbance (intensive logging followed by windthrow and fire in 1871) in the Swiss Jura mountains to analyse its effect on the disturbance-sensitive epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. Tree-ring analysis of old and young Norway spruce trees (Picea abies L.), sampled systematically on a 100 m grid, revealed that (1) the disturbance was of intermediate severity, (2) a large, well-defined area of disturbance was created, and (3) an undisturbed zone remained in the centre of the disturbed area. Acomparison with lichen genetic data from a previous survey revealed that genetic diversity was particularly high in the remnant zone. These results suggest that the lichen survived there, and that it re-colonised the disturbed area both from the edge and from the remnant undisturbed zone. This illustrates that a detailed reconstruction of historic disturbances, as achieved with dendroecology, is very important for understanding the recolonisation process and thus, the conditions for the long-term persistence of disturbance-sensitive species in a dynamic landscap

QUANTIFYING DISPERSAL AND ESTABLISHMENT LIMITATION IN A POPULATION OF AN EPIPHYTIC LICHEN

Dispersal is a process critical for the dynamics and persistence of metapopulations, but it is difficult to quantify. It has been suggested that the old-forest lichen Lobaria pulmonaria is limited by insufficient dispersal ability. We analyzed 240 DNA extracts derived from snow samples by a L. pulmonaria-specific real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region allowing for the discrimination among propagules originating from a single, isolated source tree or propagules originating from other locations. Samples that were detected as positives by real-time PCR were additionally genotyped for five L. pulmonaria microsatellite loci. Both molecular approaches demonstrated substantial dispersal from other than local sources. In a landscape approach, we additionally analyzed 240 snow samples with real-time PCR of ITS and detected propagules not only in forests where L. pulmonaria was present, but also in large unforested pasture areas and in forest patches where L. pulmonaria was not found. Monitoring of soredia of L. pulmonaria transplanted to maple bark after two vegetation periods showed high variance in growth among forest stands, but no significant differences among different transplantation treatments. Hence, it is probably not dispersal limitation that hinders colonization in the old-forest lichen L. pulmonaria, but ecological constraints at the stand level that can result in establishment limitation. Our study exemplifies that care has to be taken to adequately separate the effects of dispersal limitation from a limitation of establishment

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Microwave Ablation Prior to Liver Transplantation

Introduction: Ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that limits local liver tumor progression and prolongs patients’ transplantation eligibility. Microwave ablation (MWA) utilizes higher temperatures than the standard of care, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), which increases efficiency. Meta-analyses compared MWA with RFA for the treatment of HCC and showed similar efficacy and safety between these modalities. However, limited pathologic data exists determining whether explanted tumors remained viable after MWA. Methods: Our database was reviewed retrospectively for patients with HCC who underwent MWA prior to liver transplantation between 2013 and 2019. Patient demographics, etiology of disease, tumor size, procedure details, bilirubin, MELD, and Child-Pugh score were reviewed. Tumors were classified as viable or nonviable based on pathology. Imaging and clinical follow-up were available for surveillance and post-transplant. Results: 29 patients (23 males, 6 females) with 40 tumors underwent MWA. The average patient age was 60 years. The mean tumor size was 2.2 cm (range 1-3.7). Twenty-six patients were alive at follow-up. Pathological analysis showed 38 of the 40 tumors ablated to be non-viable at explant. Imaging prior to transplant reported one case with recurrent tumor at the ablation site and another case as equivocal. No cases of metastatic HCC were identified by imaging post-transplant. Discussion: Previous studies have not included this pathologic data. Determining tumor viability provides valuable information regarding whether tumors are likely to recur locally, even after transplantation. These results suggest that MWA is an effective treatment of small HCC prior to transplant with a low incidence of local tumor recurrence