744 research outputs found
Infrared High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Post-AGB Circumstellar Disks. I. HR 4049 - The Winnowing Flow Observed?
High-resolution infrared spectroscopy in the 2.3-4.6 micron region is
reported for the peculiar A supergiant, single-lined spectroscopic binary HR
4049. Lines from the CO fundamental and first overtone, OH fundamental, and
several H2O vibration-rotation transitions have been observed in the
near-infrared spectrum. The spectrum of HR 4049 appears principally in emission
through the 3 and 4.6 micron region and in absorption in the 2 micron region.
The 4.6 micron spectrum shows a rich 'forest' of emission lines. All the
spectral lines observed in the 2.3-4.6 micron spectrum are shown to be
circumbinary in origin. The presence of OH and H2O lines confirm the
oxygen-rich nature of the circumbinary gas which is in contrast to the
previously detected carbon-rich material. The emission and absorption line
profiles show that the circumbinary gas is located in a thin, rotating layer
near the dust disk. The properties of the dust and gas circumbinary disk and
the spectroscopic orbit yield masses for the individual stars, M_AI~0.58 Msolar
and M_MV~0.34 Msolar. Gas in the disk also has an outward flow with a velocity
of 1 km/s. The severe depletion of refractory elements but near-solar
abundances of volatile elements observed in HR 4049 results from abundance
winnowing. The separation of the volatiles from the grains in the disk and the
subsequent accretion by the star are discussed. Contrary to prior reports, the
HR 4049 carbon and oxygen isotopic abundances are typical AGB values:
12C/13C=6^{+9}_{-4} and 16O/17O>200.Comment: 42 pages, 14 figures, Accepted by Ap
The Hypervelocity Star SDSS J090745.0+024507 is a Short-Period Variable
We present high-precision photometry of the hypervelocity star SDSS
J090745.0+024507 (HVS), which has a Galactic rest-frame radial velocity of
v=709 km/s, and so has likely been ejected from the supermassive black hole in
the Galactic center. Our data were obtained on two nights using the MMT 6.5m
telescope, and is supplemented by lower precision photometry obtained on four
nights using the FLWO 1.2m telescope. The high-precision photometry indicates
that the HVS is a short-period, low-amplitude variable, with period P=0.2-2
days and amplitude A = 2-10%. Together with the known effective temperature of
T_eff ~ 10,500 K (spectral type B9), this variability implies that the HVS is a
member of the class of slowly pulsating B-type main sequence stars, thus
resolving the previously-reported two-fold degeneracy in the luminosity and
distance of the star. The HVS has a heliocentric distance of 71 kpc, and an age
of ~0.35 Gyr. The time of ejection from the center of the Galaxy is < 100 Myr,
and thus the existence of the OS constitutes observational evidence of a
population of young stars in the proximity of the central supermassive black
hole ~0.1 Gyr ago. It is possible that the HVS was a member of a binary that
was tidally disrupted by the central black hole; we discuss constraints on the
properties of the companion's orbit.Comment: ApJL, submitted, 4 pages, 4 figure
Variability and nature of the binary in the Red Rectangle Nebula
We present new observations of the central binary inside the Red Rectangle
nebula. The detection of zinc in the optical spectrum confirms that the
peculiar photospheric abundances are due to accretion of circumstellar gas.
Grey brightness variations with the orbital period are observed. They are
interpreted as being due to the variation of the scattering angle with orbital
phase. The small orbital separation of the system is not compatible with
previous normal evolution of the primary on the AGB. We point out the
similarity of the orbital history of this and other similar systems with those
of some close Barium stars and suggest that the nonzero eccentricity of the
orbit is the result of tidal interaction with the circumbinary disk.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, A&A Letters accepte
The dust disk of HR4049
We present the Spectral Energy Distribution of HR 4049 based on literature
data and new continuum measurements at 850 micron. The SED shows variable
absorption in the UV, and a large IR excess, both caused by circumstellar dust.
The shape of the IR excess from 1 micron all the way down to 850 micron can be
nearly perfectly fitted with a single blackbody function at T ~ 1150 K or
alternatively with a sum of blackbodies in a narrow temperature range. The
energy emitted in this IR continuum radiation is about one-third of the stellar
luminosity. We show that this blackbody radiation must be due to the presence
of a circumbinary disk with a large height. This disk must also be gas-rich, in
agreement with the observations of molecular bands in the ISO-SWS spectrum. We
present two possible scenario's for explaining the shape and the intensity of
the IR excess. The first scenario involves large grains (a >1 mm) that each
radiate like a blackbody. The second scenario argues that the blackbody
radiation is due to a very optically thick circumbinary disk. We investigate if
such a disk would indeed produce blackbody radiation by presenting results from
radiative transfer calculations. We further quantify the properties of such a
disk and its stability in the framework of (hydro)dynamics, grain settling,
radiation pressure and grain drift. The virtues and shortcomings of both models
for the origin of the IR blackbody are discussed by contrasting them with other
observations and assessing them in the framework of (binary) (post-)AGB
evolution.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Pushing the precision limit of ground-based eclipse photometry
Until recently, it was considered by many that ground-based photometry could
not reach the high cadence sub-mmag regime because of the presence of the
atmosphere. Indeed, high frequency atmospheric noises (mainly scintillation)
limit the precision that high SNR photometry can reach within small time bins.
If one is ready to damage the sampling of his photometric time-series, binning
the data (or using longer exposures) allows to get better errors, but the
obtained precision will be finally limited by low frequency noises. To observe
several times the same planetary eclipse and to fold the photometry with the
orbital period is thus generally considered as the only option to get very well
sampled and precise eclipse light curve from the ground. Nevertheless, we show
here that reaching the sub-mmag sub-min regime for one eclipse is possible with
a ground-based instrument. This has important implications for transiting
planets characterization, secondary eclipses measurement and small planets
detection from the ground.Comment: Transiting Planets Proceeding IAU Symposium No.253, 2008. 7 pages, 4
figure
Herschel imaging and spectroscopy of the nebula around the luminous blue variable star WRAY 15-751
We have obtained far-infrared Herschel PACS imaging and spectroscopic
observations of the nebular environment of the luminous blue variable WRAY
15-751. These images clearly show that the main, dusty nebula is a shell of
radius 0.5 pc and width 0.35 pc extending outside the H-alpha nebula. They also
reveal a second, bigger and fainter dust nebula, observed for the first time.
Both nebulae lie in an empty cavity, likely the remnant of the O-star wind
bubble formed when the star was on the main sequence. The kinematic ages of the
nebulae are about 20000 and 80000 years and each nebula contains about 0.05
Msun of dust. Modeling of the inner nebula indicates a Fe-rich dust. The
far-infrared spectrum of the main nebula revealed forbidden emission lines
coming from ionized and neutral gas. Our study shows that the main nebula
consists of a shell of ionized gas surrounded by a thin photodissociation
region illuminated by an "average" early-B star. The derived abundance ratios
N/O=1.0+/-0.4 and C/O=0.4+/-0.2 indicate a mild N/O enrichment. We estimate
that the inner shell contains 1.7+/-0.6 Msun of gas. Assuming a similar
dust-to-gas ratio for the outer nebula, the total mass ejected by WRAY 15-751
amounts to 4+/-2 Msun. The measured abundances, masses and kinematic ages of
the nebulae were used to constrain the evolution of the star and the epoch at
which the nebulae were ejected. Our results point to an ejection of the nebulae
during the RSG evolutionary phase of an ~ 40 Msun star. The presence of
multiple shells around the star suggests that the mass-loss was not a
continuous ejection but rather a series of episodes of extreme mass-loss. Our
measurements are compatible with the recent evolutionary tracks computed for an
40 Msun star with little rotation. They support the O-BSG-RSG-YSG-LBV filiation
and the idea that high-luminosity and low-luminosity LBVs follow different
evolutionary paths.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in A&
The structure of disks around intermediate-mass young stars from mid-infrared interferometry. Evidence for a population of group II disks with gaps
The disks around Herbig Ae/Be stars are commonly divided into group I and
group II based on their far-infrared spectral energy distribution, and the
common interpretation for that is flared and flat disks. Recent observations
suggest that many flaring disks have gaps, whereas flat disks are thought to be
gapless. The different groups of objects can be expected to have different
structural signatures in high-angular-resolution data. Over the past 10 years,
the MIDI instrument on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer has collected
observations of several tens of protoplanetary disks. We model the large set of
observations with simple geometric models. A population of radiative-transfer
models is synthesized for interpreting the mid-infrared signatures. Objects
with similar luminosities show very different disk sizes in the mid-infrared.
Restricting to the young objects of intermediate mass, we confirm that most
group I disks are in agreement with being transitional. We find that several
group II objects have mid-infrared sizes and colors overlapping with sources
classified as group I, transition disks. This suggests that these sources have
gaps, which has been demonstrated for a subset of them. This may point to an
intermediate population between gapless and transition disks. Flat disks with
gaps are most likely descendants of flat disks without gaps. Gaps, potentially
related to the formation of massive bodies, may therefore even develop in disks
in a far stage of grain growth and settling. The evolutionary implications of
this new population could be twofold. Either gapped flat disks form a separate
population of evolved disks, or some of them may further evolve into flaring
disks with large gaps. The latter transformation may be governed by the
interaction with a massive planet, carving a large gap and dynamically exciting
the grain population in the disk.Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures, A&A in pres
Complex asteroseismology of the Slowly Pulsating B-type star HD74560
We present the results of complex seismic modelling of the Slowly Pulsating
B-type star HD74560. The star pulsates in five frequencies detected in
photometric observations. For all these frequencies, we identify the mode
degree, . For two of them, found also in spectroscopic data, we are able
to derived the empirical values of the complex nonadiabatic parameter . We
test effects of chemical composition and opacity data. Our results show that
the properties of seismic models of SPB stars differ significantly from those
of the more massive Cephei stars.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, conference proceedings, to appear in ASS
- …