sj-docx-1-jdr-10.1177_00220345231180464 – Supplemental material for LincRNA-EPS Alleviates Inflammation in TMJ Osteoarthritis by Binding to SRSF3

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jdr-10.1177_00220345231180464 for LincRNA-EPS Alleviates Inflammation in TMJ Osteoarthritis by Binding to SRSF3 by W. Wu, A. Hu, H. Xu and J. Su in Journal of Dental Research</p

Accelerated digestion of nucleic acids by pepsin from the stomach of chicken

<p></p><p>Nucleic acids have become an important nutritional supplement in poultry feed; however, the digestion of nucleic acids in poultry is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the digestion of nucleic acids by chicken pepsin <i>in vitro</i>.</p><p>The extracted pepsinogen from the stomach of the chicken was purified to homogeneity. Upon activation at pH 2.0, chicken pepsinogen was converted to its active form.</p><p>Nucleic acids, including λ-DNA, salmon sperm DNA and single-strand DNA (ssDNA), can be used as substrates and digested into short-chain oligonucleotides by pepsin.</p><p>Interestingly, the digestion of the nucleic acids was inhibited when pepsin was treated by alkaline solution (pH 8.0) or pepstatin A. Also, the digestion of the nucleic acids was not affected by the addition of haemoglobin or bovine serum albumin.</p><p>The results suggested that nucleic acids could be digested by chicken pepsin. Thus pepsin may have a role in digesting nucleic acids <i>in vivo</i>. Nucleic acids added to poultry fed may be digested, starting from the stomach.</p><p></p> <p>Nucleic acids have become an important nutritional supplement in poultry feed; however, the digestion of nucleic acids in poultry is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the digestion of nucleic acids by chicken pepsin <i>in vitro</i>.</p> <p>The extracted pepsinogen from the stomach of the chicken was purified to homogeneity. Upon activation at pH 2.0, chicken pepsinogen was converted to its active form.</p> <p>Nucleic acids, including λ-DNA, salmon sperm DNA and single-strand DNA (ssDNA), can be used as substrates and digested into short-chain oligonucleotides by pepsin.</p> <p>Interestingly, the digestion of the nucleic acids was inhibited when pepsin was treated by alkaline solution (pH 8.0) or pepstatin A. Also, the digestion of the nucleic acids was not affected by the addition of haemoglobin or bovine serum albumin.</p> <p>The results suggested that nucleic acids could be digested by chicken pepsin. Thus pepsin may have a role in digesting nucleic acids <i>in vivo</i>. Nucleic acids added to poultry fed may be digested, starting from the stomach.</p

Beyond validation: assessing the legitimacy of artificial neural network models

Artificial neural network models have been used extensively for prediction and forecasting over the last 25 years. As the data used to develop ANNs contain important information about the physical processes being modelled, it is generally implied that a model that has been calibrated (trained) and performs well on an independent set of validation data represents the underlying physical processes of the system being modelled. However, this is not necessarily the case, most likely due to problems with equifinality, where different combinations of model parameters (e.g. connection weights) result in similar predictive performance. Consequently, there is also a need to check the behaviour of calibrated ANN models as part of the validation process, which is commonly referred to as structural, conceptual or scientific validation (Figure 1). This checks whether the input-output relationship captured by the model is plausible in accordance with a priori system understanding. In this paper, the importance of considering structural validation is demonstrated. This is achieved by developing ANN models with different numbers of hidden nodes for two environmental modelling case studies from the literature namely, salinity forecasting in the River Murray in South Australia and the prediction of treated water turbidity at a water treatment plant based on raw water quality and the administered alum dose. The validation errors are then compared with corresponding model behaviours. This was done using the validann R-package, which caters to a range of structural validation approaches. Results show that ANN models producing the best fit to the data do not necessarily result in models that behave in accordance with underlying system understanding.</p

Synchronous turnover of flora, fauna, and climate at the Eocene–Oligocene Boundary in Asia

The Eocene–Oligocene Boundary (~34 million years ago) marks one of the largest extinctions of marine invertebrates in the world oceans and of mammalian fauna in Europe and Asia in the Cenozoic era. A shift to a cooler climate across this boundary has been suggested as the cause of this extinction in the marine environment, but there is no manifold evidence for a synchronous turnover of flora, fauna and climate at the Eocene–Oligocene Boundary in a single terrestrial site in Asia to support this hypothesis. Here we report new data of magnetostratigraphy, pollen and climatic proxies in the Asian interior across the Eocene–Oligocene Boundary; our results show that climate change forced a turnover of flora and fauna, suggesting there was a change from large-size perissodactyl-dominant fauna in forests under a warm-temperate climate to small rodent/lagomorph-dominant fauna in forest-steppe in a dry-temperate climate across the Eocene–Oligocene Boundary. These data provide a new terrestrial record for this significant Cenozoic environmental event