Effect of natural surface-active substances on the rheological properties of emulsions

The effect of natural surface-active substances on the formation of emulsions in oils with different content of resin-asphaltene components (RAC) and paraffin hydrocarbons (PHC) (RAC/PHC from 0.7 to 95) is studied. The influence of oil composition and content of aqueous phase on microstructure, rheological properties, and activation energy of viscous flow of water-oil emulsions is shown. For oils with the ratio RAC/PHC < 1, the increase in water cut results in an increase in viscosity, activation energy of viscous flow, and pour point

The integrated effect on properties and composition of high-paraffin oil sludge

The study is devoted to the integrated effect of acoustic treatment and addition of an inhibitor on viscosity-temperature properties and n-alkane composition in high-paraffin oil sludge. Ultrasonic treatment for 1 minute and addition of the inhibitor at the concentration of 0.05% wt. decrease viscosity by 10 times and pour point by 8°С

About One Memorable Date in the History of Spain

In 1714 the Catalans, being in the camp of the losers in the War of the Spanish Succession, finally lost any hope to gain independence. 300 years later, nationalists, who are in power now in Catalonia, want to take advantage of that memorable date by organizing a regional referendum in order to choose their own path of development. In the aggravating conflict of interests between Madrid and Barcelona both parties use not only political and propaganda measures, but also financial leverages of influence. The ethnonational issue in the multiethnic Spain is far from being solved, because for centuries the process of forming a unified Spanish state was characterized by political union of several genetically related (except Basque) ethnic communities, although with significant socio-cultural and linguistic differences among them. It is not coincidental that regional identity in Spain is still extremely strong, while the interethnic consolidation of the Spanish nation can be characterized as incomplete, which can be seen, particularly, in the intensification in recent decades of radical nationalist and separatist sentiments in Catalonia, the Basque Country and some other autonomies. Among reasons which escalated confrontation between supporters and opponents of Catalonian independence, we should mention the global financial crisis that hit the regions of Spain as well as the overall national economy. The separatists have many barriers on their way, starting from the constitutional provisions proclaiming Spain a united and indivisible state which impede to carry out regional plebiscites, and ending by an ambiguous attitude towards the hypothetical independence of Catalonia by both the residents of the region and in other parts of the country. It is important to keep in mind that in today's world the possibility of breaking large multiethnic state into ethnically constituting elements is more possible than 40-50 years ago. Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union and the emergence on the world political map of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and most recently of the Republic of Crimea - confirm this. The Catalonian nationalists in their arguments in favor of the sovereignty of Catalonia refer to the arbitrariness of the borders formed in the past between separate European countries and the regions. Modern state boundaries indeed are not the result of rational planning, democratic arrangements or consideration of the local population's opinion. In many ways, the current borders are the result of historical processes, often - of bloody wars and territorial annexations. In other words, they are the result of actions which are contrary to current international law and moral norms of behavior. Independent Catalonia is still a hypothesis, but under certain conditions and, more importantly, as a result of concerted efforts of regional nationalists it could become a reality

Removal of Petroleum Products from Water using Disperse and Fibrous Sorbents

Извлечены водорастворимые и эмульгированные нефтепродукты из воды с помощью ультрадисперсного оксигидроксида алюминия и волокнистых материалов (полипропилен, углеволокно, базальт) в статическом и динамическом режимах. Показано, что совместное применение дисперсных материалов и волокон в многослойных фильтрах-адсорберах эффективно очищает воду от нефтепродуктов различной дисперсности в широком диапазоне концентраций. Разработана фильтроадсорбционная технология очистки сточных нефтесодержащих вод, которая реализована в виде комплекта фильтроадсорбционной аппаратуры. Производительность установки из 6 аппаратов составляет 1 - 5 м3/ч при исходных концентрациях нефтепродуктов 10 - 300 мг/л. Суммарная степень извлечения нефтепродуктов на трех ступенях достигает 98 %. Кроме нефтепродуктов удаляются ионы тяжелых металлов, органические загрязнители, ПАВ и др.Water-soluble and emulsified petroleum products were removed from water using ultrafine oxyhydroxide of aluminium and fibrous materials (polypropylene, carbon fiber and basalt) under static and dynamic modes. Combined application of the dispersed materials and fibers in multi-layer filters-adsorbents was demonstrated to be effective in water purification from petroleum products of various dispersions in a wide range of their concentrations. Filtering-adsorption technology has been developed to purify petroleum-containing sewage, which was realized as a set of filter-adsorption equipment. The capacity of the installation consisting of 6 apparatus is 1 - 5 m3/h at the initial concentration of petroleum products 10 - 300 mg/L. Total degree of petroleum product removal at three levels amounts to 98 %. Besides petroleum products ions of heavy metals, organic contaminants, surfactants and other substances are also removed

Structural and mechanical properties of highly paraffinic crude oil processed in high-frequency acoustic field

Methods of chromatography-mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, viscometry were used to study structural and mechanical properties of highly paraffinic crude oil processed in high-frequency acoustic field. It was shown that ultrasonic treatment leads to an increase in viscosity, yield stress, viscous flow activation energy and internal fracture energy of dispersion system with an increase in processing time. Proportion of n-alkanes С15Н32–С16Н34 and concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons increase in the composition of dispersed phase of processed crude oil according to chromatography-mass spectrometry

Structural and mechanical properties of highly paraffinic crude oil processed in high-frequency acoustic field

Methods of chromatography-mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, viscometry were used to study structural and mechanical properties of highly paraffinic crude oil processed in high-frequency acoustic field. It was shown that ultrasonic treatment leads to an increase in viscosity, yield stress, viscous flow activation energy and internal fracture energy of dispersion system with an increase in processing time. Proportion of n-alkanes С15Н32–С16Н34 and concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons increase in the composition of dispersed phase of processed crude oil according to chromatography-mass spectrometry

Removal of Petroleum Products from Water using Disperse and Fibrous Sorbents

Извлечены водорастворимые и эмульгированные нефтепродукты из воды с помощью ультрадисперсного оксигидроксида алюминия и волокнистых материалов (полипропилен, углеволокно, базальт) в статическом и динамическом режимах. Показано, что совместное применение дисперсных материалов и волокон в многослойных фильтрах-адсорберах эффективно очищает воду от нефтепродуктов различной дисперсности в широком диапазоне концентраций. Разработана фильтроадсорбционная технология очистки сточных нефтесодержащих вод, которая реализована в виде комплекта фильтроадсорбционной аппаратуры. Производительность установки из 6 аппаратов составляет 1 - 5 м3/ч при исходных концентрациях нефтепродуктов 10 - 300 мг/л. Суммарная степень извлечения нефтепродуктов на трех ступенях достигает 98 %. Кроме нефтепродуктов удаляются ионы тяжелых металлов, органические загрязнители, ПАВ и др.Water-soluble and emulsified petroleum products were removed from water using ultrafine oxyhydroxide of aluminium and fibrous materials (polypropylene, carbon fiber and basalt) under static and dynamic modes. Combined application of the dispersed materials and fibers in multi-layer filters-adsorbents was demonstrated to be effective in water purification from petroleum products of various dispersions in a wide range of their concentrations. Filtering-adsorption technology has been developed to purify petroleum-containing sewage, which was realized as a set of filter-adsorption equipment. The capacity of the installation consisting of 6 apparatus is 1 - 5 m3/h at the initial concentration of petroleum products 10 - 300 mg/L. Total degree of petroleum product removal at three levels amounts to 98 %. Besides petroleum products ions of heavy metals, organic contaminants, surfactants and other substances are also removed

Effect of natural surface-active substances on the rheological properties of emulsions

The effect of natural surface-active substances on the formation of emulsions in oils with different content of resin-asphaltene components (RAC) and paraffin hydrocarbons (PHC) (RAC/PHC from 0.7 to 95) is studied. The influence of oil composition and content of aqueous phase on microstructure, rheological properties, and activation energy of viscous flow of water-oil emulsions is shown. For oils with the ratio RAC/PHC < 1, the increase in water cut results in an increase in viscosity, activation energy of viscous flow, and pour point

The integrated effect on properties and composition of high-paraffin oil sludge

The study is devoted to the integrated effect of acoustic treatment and addition of an inhibitor on viscosity-temperature properties and n-alkane composition in high-paraffin oil sludge. Ultrasonic treatment for 1 minute and addition of the inhibitor at the concentration of 0.05% wt. decrease viscosity by 10 times and pour point by 8°С

Effect of ultrasonic treatment and polymer additive on structural-mechanical properties of solutions of paraffinic hydrocarbons

The effect of a polymer additive based on an alkyl acrylate-dodecylamine acrylate copolymer, ultrasonic treatment, and their combined treatment on structural and mechanical properties of oil paraffin solutions in kerosene are investigated. It is found out that after a combined treatment of 6 wt. % solution of petroleum paraffin in kerosene, the maximum decrease in viscosity, pour point, and amount of deposits is observed