Does American Indian law reflect Indian values? A study on native American identity

This study explores the legal history of the Indian civilizations of North America. It focuses on the unusual link between the jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court and the extermination politics practiced by the federal government. Strange enough, these have been some of the limits of the most admired democracy of the world. The analysis explains the racist solution imposed by Justice Marshall, whose legal genius created the concept of "guardship" against the Native Americans. Different periods of time, concentrated in their respective "legal solution" have resulted in the disappearance of most of the North American Indian civilizations. One is surprised to notice the eurocentric vision imposed on these cultures, whose concepts are so very different from ours. Notions like "tribe", "savages", "state of pupilage" speak for themselves in order to demonstrate the arguments used for the destruction of a fascinating world and for the justification of the colonization process of the Americas

The Role of the Educational Program in Reducing the Child's Anxiety at the Dentist

The objective of the study was to create and implement an educational program with the aim of reducing children's anxiety at the dentist. In carrying out this study, it started from the hypothesis that the implementation of an educational program can lead to a decrease in the level of dental anxiety among children. The sample included 196 children (experimental group of 95 children and control group of 101 children), primary school pupils. The methods used were the questionnaire, PowerPoint presentations, semi-structured interview, demonstration and exercise. The educational program was structured in the form of twelve PowerPoint presentations, focusing on three important themes. These were: the importance of oral hygiene, methods and techniques used for good oral hygiene and the role of nutrition in maintaining healthy teeth. A questionnaire was applied and saliva was taken to determine immunoglobulin A, both at the beginning and at the end of the study. In the case of the experimental group, there were statistically significant differences between the initial and final results both following the application of the questionnaire and in terms of immunoglobulin A levels (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the control group (p>0.05). Following the interpretation of the results, the hypothesis was confirmed according to which the implementation of an educational program can lead to a decrease in the level of dental anxiety in children

The Role of the Educational Program in Reducing the Child's Anxiety at the Dentist

The objective of the study was to create and implement an educational program with the aim of reducing children's anxiety at the dentist. In carrying out this study, it started from the hypothesis that the implementation of an educational program can lead to a decrease in the level of dental anxiety among children. The sample included 196 children (experimental group of 95 children and control group of 101 children), primary school pupils. The methods used were the questionnaire, PowerPoint presentations, semi-structured interview, demonstration and exercise. The educational program was structured in the form of twelve PowerPoint presentations, focusing on three important themes. These were: the importance of oral hygiene, methods and techniques used for good oral hygiene and the role of nutrition in maintaining healthy teeth. A questionnaire was applied and saliva was taken to determine immunoglobulin A, both at the beginning and at the end of the study. In the case of the experimental group, there were statistically significant differences between the initial and final results both following the application of the questionnaire and in terms of immunoglobulin A levels (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the control group (p>0.05). Following the interpretation of the results, the hypothesis was confirmed according to which the implementation of an educational program can lead to a decrease in the level of dental anxiety in children

The Role of the Educational Program in Reducing the Child's Anxiety at the Dentist

The objective of the study was to create and implement an educational program with the aim of reducing children's anxiety at the dentist. The study began with the hypothesis that the implementation of an educational program can lead to a decrease in the level of dental anxiety among children. The sample included 196 children (experimental group of 95 children and control group of 101 children), primary school pupils. The educational program was structured in the form of twelve PowerPoint presentations, focusing on three essential themes. These were: the importance of oral hygiene, methods and techniques used for good oral hygiene and the role of nutrition in maintaining healthy teeth. The methods used were the questionnaire, PowerPoint presentations, semi-structured interviews, demonstrations and exercises. A questionnaire was applied and saliva was taken to determine immunoglobulin A, both at the beginning and at the end of the study. In the experimental group, there were statistically significant differences between the initial and final results of both the questionnaire and immunoglobulin A testing (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the control group (p>0.05). Following the interpretation of the results, the hypothesis was confirmed according to which the implementation of an educational program can lead to a decrease in the level of dental anxiety in children

Influence Of Orthodontic Treatment On Gingival Condition

Aim of the study was to evaluate gingival modifications occuring in patients during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Materials and methods. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, in study were included 60 patients (35 girls and 25 boys). Mean age was 13.1 years for girls and 12.8 years for boys. Treatment period was 19.2 months for the upper arch and 21.3 months for the lower arch. There were taken 2 types of measurements ː plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI), before, during and after treatment. Results. During orthodontic treatment buccal GI was 1.35 ± 0.32 and interpoximal GI was 1.75 ± 0.25. PI was 0.85 ± 0.28. After the appliances were removed, buccal GI was 1.44 ± 0.37, inteproximal GI 1.86 ± 0.22 and PI 1.01 ± 0.29. When PI and GI were measured in individual teeth it was found a statistical correlation in the measured values (p≤0.05). Conclusions. Based on these results we conclude that gingival modifications occur during orthodontic treatment. The most important changes are in the lower arch in molar area. After the treatment is finished, the situations come back in normal parameters

The Prevalence of Oral Leukoplakia: Results From a Romanian Medical Center

The aim of our study is to measure the prevalence of oral leukoplakia in a selected population group in association with variables as gender, age, smoking and alcohol intake. The mucosal lesions were diagnosed and classified according to internationally accepted criteria. Results showed that the majority of oral leukoplakia belonged to homogenous type and only o few were non-homogenous, with a prevalence of 3.32% 1.10% respectively, a difference that was statistically significant. The most frequent location of oral leukoplakia was the oral mucosa of the cheek, lower lip, tongue and floor of the oral cavity. Our conclusion was that oral leukoplakia occurred more frequently in men over the age of 45 and smoking and alcohol abuse were positive correlated factors

Aspects of Dental Anxiety at Children of Different Ethnicities

Objectives: The aim of our study is to identify the differences in how the dental act is perceived among children of different ethnic groups. For this purpose, we started from the hypothesis that the degree of child anxiety at the dentist can be influenced by the socio-economic status of the family of origin. Material and methods: A sample of 115 school children, including 40 Romanian children, 36 Hungarian children and 39 Roma children, aged between 8-9 years old, were interviewed. We have chosen these three ethnic groups to see if there are differences in the perception of the dental act. In terms of psychological method, the questionnaire, the semi-structured interview, and the demonstration were used. Results: The results showed that most children of the Romanian and Hungarian groups had been to the dentist, whereas only 48.71% of the Roma children had been there. The highest degree of anxiety is manifested by the Roma children. There are no significant differences in this study between the answers of Romanian children and Hungarian children regarding the degree of anxiety in the dental office. Conclusions: The study confirmed the hypothesis that the degree of child anxiety at the dentist is influenced by the socio-economic status of the family of origin. When the socio-economic level is low, parents do not go to the dental office for treatment or prevention and this behaviour is passed on to children

The Influence Of Orthodontic Treatment On Dental Pulp Response To Sensitivity Tests

Aim of our study. To evaluate the difference between sensory detection threshold reactions of teeth under orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, determined by electrical and thermal pulp testing. Material and methods. After a selection based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 51 patients with a mean age of 19,3+/- 3,6 years old who presented to the Center for Integrated Dental Medicine of the Faculty of Dental Medicine from Târgu Mureș for orthodontic treatment had been included in this study. The reactions to thermal and electrical pulp testing were measured at baseline, after 8 weeks of treatment and during the contention period. Results. The application of orthodontic force immediately increased the response threshold which peaked after 8 weeks. Conclusions. Based on these results we conclude that dental specialists should interpret with caution the results of electric pulp testing in teeth under orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances as the cold tests with ethyl chloride are more reliable

The impact of organic friction modifiers on engine oil tribofilms

Organic friction modifiers (OFMs) are important additives in the lubrication of machines and especially of car engines where performance improvements are constantly sought-after. Together with zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) antiwear additives, OFMs have a predominant impact on the tribological behaviour of the lubricant. In the current study, the influence of OFMs on the generation, tribological properties and chemistry of ZDDP tribofilms has been investigated by combining tribological experiments (MTM) with in-situ film thickness measurements through optical interference imaging (SLIM), Alicona profilometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. OFMs and antiwear additives have been found to competitively react/adsorb on the rubbing ferrous substrates in a tribological contact. The formation and removal (through wear) of tribofilms are dynamic processes which result from the simultaneous interaction of these two additives with the surface of the wear track. By carefully selecting the chemistry of OFMs, the formulator can achieve lubricants that generate ZDDP antiwear films of optimum thickness, morphology and friction according to the application-specific requirements. <br/

Encouraging quality in language education

The NELLIP (Network of European Language Labeled Initiatives) project is funded by the European Commission in the framework of the Lifelong Learning Programme – Key Activity 2 Languages. The NELLIP project is coordinated by Pixel, Florence and the partners are: KU TU Ltd. (Bulgaria), Omnia (Finland), Universal Learning Systems (Ireland), Connectis (Italy), Public Service Language Centre (Lithuania), EuroEd Foundation (Romania), Prosper-Ase (Romania), Universidad de Extremadura (Spain), Fageskolan (Sweden), EAQUALS (United Kingdom). The NELLIP Network has the aim to promote quality in language learning and teaching through the application of the quality criteria used to award the European Language Label (ELL). Within this network, relevant language learning initiatives having received the ELL will be selected. An initial database consisting of projects that have been awarded the ELL has been set up. The projects in the database will be analyzed against a series of quality criteria and a number of case studies and good practices will be identified. National Reports as well as a Transnational Report are also produced in order to raise the quality of language learning initiatives that are being developed in Europe. This article is an overview of the criteria used in identifying quality language learning and teaching initiatives. These criteria will be analyzed and exemplified with the selected ELL initiatives while their transferability to the evaluation of other learning and teaching activities will be considered