Sharing.

<p>Competition of species A and B that can utilize each other’s signals, public goods and nutrients to a varying extent. <i>a</i> = signal sharing, <i>b</i> = public goods sharing, <i>c</i> = nutrient sharing. Left: regions of co-colocalizing communities (i.e. segregation coefficient is below 0.5, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057947#s4" target="_blank">Methods</a>). Right: Relative fitness of the mixed communities (shaded area on the left) as a function of food sharing (top curve). RF>1 indicates that both species grow faster in a community than alone. Bottom curve: relative fitness of non-colocalizing communities. The values are the average of 10 calculations, error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean.</p

Western hybridization performed using anti-PpuR antibody on total cellular protein extracts

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "The Lon protease is involved in -acyl homoserine lactone quorum sensing regulation"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/71</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():71-71.</p><p>Published online 26 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1949823.</p><p></p> Total protein extracts were performed using different protein amounts of either parent strain WCS358 or mutant derivative IBE4 each carrying a plasmid expressing PpuR (pBBRppuR). Lane 1 corresponds to 10 μg of purified PpuR-6His; lane 2 and lane 3 correspond to total proteins from 2 × 10cfu of WCS358(pBBRppuR) and IBE4(pBBRppuR) respectively; lanes 4 and 5 correspond to total proteins from 10cfu. For lanes 4 and 5 the images were scanned using a Versadoc (Biorad) and the QuantityOne software; results of this quantification are displayed as a histogram. See text for all details

Exploitation.

<p>Species B exploits the QS system (signals, public goods) and nutrients of species A. This provides a fitness advantage to the exploiter species B in the entire parameter range. Left: Regions of the parameter space represent either competitive exclusion or competitive segregation. Right: Fitness of the two species relative to growing alone, as a function of nutrient sharing. Relative fitness = 1 in the top curve indicates that the growth of species B is not hampered by the competition. The values are the average of 10 calculations, error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean.</p

TLC analysis of C12-3-oxo-AHL produced by parent strain WCS358 (lane 1), by mutant derivative IBE4 (lane 2) and mutant derivative carrying a plasmid expressing Lon IBE4 (pBBRlon) (lane 3)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "The Lon protease is involved in -acyl homoserine lactone quorum sensing regulation"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/71</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():71-71.</p><p>Published online 26 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1949823.</p><p></p> Lane 4 contains the standards C10-3-oxo-AHL and C12-3-oxo-AHL. The AHLs were visualized with AHL-sensor strain (pSB1075); a volume corresponding to 5 × 10cfu was loaded on the TLC assay

Competition outcomes observed with two competing QS agent populations (filled and non-filled circles).

<p>A) Stable, mixed community of two species (colocalization). Both types of cells are in the active, swarming state. B) Winning. The winner population forms a stable, swarming community (filled cells on top) while the loosing species (non-filled cells, near the starting position) will form a small community that will either stagnate in the solitary state, or die out, depending on the nutrients available. C1) Segregating populations. The species indicated with filled-dots is nearer to the resources, i.e. to the region of intact nutrients. C2) Patch-wise (mosaic-like) segregation. In the dfferent patches, either one or the other species is nearer to the resources.</p

A heat map of segregation as a function of signal and public goods sharing.

<p>The black area indicates the parameter range wherein the two competing populations form a mixed community i.e. segregation coefficient is below 0.5. The data are from a simulation of asymmetrical sharing of signals and public goods at intermediate sharing of nutrients (<i>c</i> = 0.6).</p

Stability of Multispecies Bacterial Communities: Signaling Networks May Stabilize Microbiomes

<div><p>Multispecies bacterial communities can be remarkably stable and resilient even though they consist of cells and species that compete for environmental resources. <i>In silico</i> models suggest that common signals released into the environment may help selected bacterial species cluster at common locations and that sharing of public goods (i.e. molecules produced and released for mutual benefit) can stabilize this coexistence. In contrast, unilateral eavesdropping on signals produced by a potentially invading species may protect a community by keeping invaders away from limited resources. Shared bacterial signals, such as those found in quorum sensing systems, may thus play a key role in fine tuning competition and cooperation within multi-bacterial communities. We suggest that in addition to metabolic complementarity, signaling dynamics may be important in further understanding complex bacterial communities such as the human, animal as well as plant microbiomes.</p> </div

Sharing coefficients for competing species used in the different scenarios.

1<p>Note that the multiplier of 1/2 in the definition of c follows from the condition of constant nutrient intake. This multiplier is not necessary in the case of signals (a) and public goods (b).</p

Scenarios for sharing signals and public goods in quorum sensing.

<p>Scheme 1: Symmetrical sharing. The two species, A and B, can both utilize the signals and public goods of the other species. Scheme 2: Asymmetrical sharing. Species B can utilize the signals and public goods of Species A, but not <i>vice versa</i>. The circular arrows indicate that each species is capable of utilizing its own signals and public goods.</p

Experimentally observed sharing of bacterial signals and public goods in olive knot disease.

<p><i>Pseudomonas savastanoi</i> and <i>Pantotea aggolomerans</i> produce and perceive the same acyl-homoserine lactone signals, C6-3-oxo-HSL (C63O) and C8-3oxo-HSL (C83O), which is an example of symmetrical sharing. On the other hand, <i>Pantotea agglomerans</i> uses two different signals, C6-HSL (C6) and C4-HSL (C4), one or both of which are perceived (“exploited”) by <i>P. savastanoi</i>. All three species produce indolacetic acid (IAA), which is a public good that causes the plant host mobilize nutrients for the bacteria (based on <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057947#pone.0057947-Hosni1" target="_blank">[27]</a>.).</p