Los efectos de la crisis económica en la brecha salarial

Jornada de promoción y difusión del SIMA dedicada a "Los salarios durante la crisis económica y su incidencia en el ASAC y los sistemas de solución de conflictos". Celebrada el día 16 de noviembre de 2016 y organizada por CCOO

Megabenthic community clusters and their respective total taxonomic richness, mean biomass, mean depth, as well as the proportion of hard/soft substrate stations in each cluster (variables used to attribute a ‘label’ to each community are in bold).

<p>For each community cluster, the five dominant taxa in terms of biomass and the five most significant indicator taxa (<i>p</i><0.05) ranked according to their indicator value index (IndVal) are shown.</p><p>SD: standard deviation. ‘IndVal’ index is a measure of association between a taxon and a cluster of stations and is calculated as the product of specificity (mean biomass of a given taxon within a cluster compared to the other clusters) and fidelity (taxon occurrence at stations belonging to a cluster).</p

Locations of the six megabenthic community clusters.

<p>Locations of the six megabenthic community clusters.</p

Locations of stations sampled from 2007 to 2011 across the Canadian Arctic. Stations sampled in areas where polynyas are recurrently present (white circles) or absent (black circles).

<p>Station codes correspond to ArcticNet expedition labels, sampling years were not added for clarity (see Table S2 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0100900#pone.0100900.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a>). Names of polynyas are indicated by capital italic letters (<i>CB</i>: Cape Bathurst polynya, <i>FS</i>: Franklin Strait polynya, <i>LS-BI</i>: Lancaster Sound-Bylot Island polynya, <i>NOW</i>: North Water polynya, <i>VMS</i>: Viscount-Melville Sound polynya). The shelf break and the transition between the Pacific and Atlantic water masses are both around 200 m (<200 m: shelf and Pacific layer; >200 m: slope and Atlantic layer).</p

Conceptual figure displaying the overall results of environmental drivers of megabenthic communities in this study in relation to their spatial and temporal scales of variability; potential missing important drivers (gray box) would have to be confirmed (TBC).

<p>Environmental factors available for the present study were divided into three categories: resource, direct and indirect/spatial gradients (following <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0100900#pone.0100900-McArthur1" target="_blank">[14]</a>). Sampling design of the present study prevented conclusion at local scale (dashed). * denotes environmental variables that were either significantly correlated with univariate community characteristics or to community cluster distribution.</p

Community cluster partition.

<p>Ward's minimum variance cluster analysis based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix using fourth-root transformed megafaunal biomass data at 78 stations over 2007–2011.</p

Results of significant differences in benthic community characteristics between environmental categories and among community clusters.

<p>Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> tests were applied on categorical variables with two states, while Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to test for difference among community clusters (post-hoc comparisons at α = 0.01). ns: non-significant.</p

Distributions of benthic community characteristics at 78 stations over 2007–2011.

<p>(<b>a</b>) biomass (g m⁻²); (<b>b</b>) density (ind. m⁻²); (<b>c</b>) S_density (no. of taxa 1000 m⁻²); (<b>d</b>) Shannon-Wiener's diversity index (H′).</p

a) Development of non-sexual lines in the genus <i>Cubitermes</i> synthetized from various reports about <i>Cubitermes</i> species life cycle [36,79–81]. Larval stages comprise males and females, which both differentiate into a single stage of male and female workers (Worker stage I). A subset of the female workers further differentiates into pre-soldiers (i.e. white soldiers, transitional stage preceding mature soldiers), b) Left: fitted parameters for the selected model: probability of stochastic loss of <i>Wolbachia</i> between two stages according to the species and right: probability of gain of <i>Wolbachia</i> during stages. c) Observed (bold lines) and expected under the model (dotted lines) infection rates for the four species <i>Cubitermes</i> sp. A, B, C and D and stages/castes.

<p>a) Development of non-sexual lines in the genus <i>Cubitermes</i> synthetized from various reports about <i>Cubitermes</i> species life cycle [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116070#pone.0116070.ref036" target="_blank">36</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116070#pone.0116070.ref079" target="_blank">79</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116070#pone.0116070.ref081" target="_blank">81</a>]. Larval stages comprise males and females, which both differentiate into a single stage of male and female workers (Worker stage I). A subset of the female workers further differentiates into pre-soldiers (i.e. white soldiers, transitional stage preceding mature soldiers), b) Left: fitted parameters for the selected model: probability of stochastic loss of <i>Wolbachia</i> between two stages according to the species and right: probability of gain of <i>Wolbachia</i> during stages. c) Observed (bold lines) and expected under the model (dotted lines) infection rates for the four species <i>Cubitermes</i> sp. A, B, C and D and stages/castes.</p

Environmental Drivers of the Canadian Arctic Megabenthic Communities

<div><p>Environmental gradients and their influence on benthic community structure vary over different spatial scales; yet, few studies in the Arctic have attempted to study the influence of environmental gradients of differing spatial scales on megabenthic communities across continental-scales. The current project studied for the first time how megabenthic community structure is related to several environmental factors over 2000 km of the Canadian Arctic, from the Beaufort Sea to northern Baffin Bay. Faunal trawl samples were collected between 2007 and 2011 at 78 stations from 30 to 1000 m depth and patterns in biomass, density, richness, diversity, and taxonomic composition were examined in relation to indirect/spatial gradients (e.g., depth), direct gradients (e.g., bottom oceanographic variables), and resource gradients (e.g., food supply proxies). Six benthic community types were defined based on their biomass-based taxonomic composition. Their distribution was significantly, but moderately, associated with large-scale (100–1000 km) environmental gradients defined by depth, physical water properties (e.g., bottom salinity), and meso-scale (10–100 km) environmental gradients defined by substrate type (hard vs. soft) and sediment organic carbon content. We did not observe a strong decline of bulk biomass, density and richness with depth or a strong increase of those community characteristics with food supply proxies, contrary to our hypothesis. We discuss how local- to meso-scale environmental conditions, such as bottom current regimes and polynyas, sustain biomass-rich communities at specific locations in oligotrophic and in deep regions of the Canadian Arctic. This study demonstrates the value of considering the scales of variability of environmental gradients when interpreting their relevance in structuring of communities.</p></div