40 research outputs found
Finger weeder for cabbage and lettuce cultures
Summer 2002 we compared finger weeder against net harrow and herbicides in cabbage. Field trial 2003 was dedicated to lettuce: we compared different intensities of finger weeding in two different lettuce cultivars
k:n ja t:n radikaali astevaihtelu Raahen rajamurteessa
TiivistelmÀ. Sivuaineen pro gradu -tutkielmassani olen kÀsitellyt Raahen vanhassa murteessa esiintyvÀÀ k:n ja t:n radikaalia astevaihtelua rajamurteen nÀkökulmasta. Tutkielman keskeisinÀ tavoitteina on ollut selvittÀÀ, millaiset k:n ja t:n heikkoasteiset edustukset ovat eri ÀÀnneympÀristöissÀ Raahen murteessa, ja miltÀ osin nÀmÀ edustukset poikkeavat tai yhtenevÀt Raahen naapurimurteissa esiintyvien edustusten kanssa. TÀllÀ tavoin olen tarkastellut, miten Raahen asema rajamurteena keski- ja pohjoispohjalaismurteiden vÀlissÀ nÀkyy astevaihtelun osalta: yhtyykö Raahen murre selkeÀsti jompaankumpaan murrealueeseen, vai onko astevaihtelussa havaittavissa piirteitÀ sekÀ pohjoisista ettÀ etelÀisistÀ naapurimurteista.
Tutkimusaineistoni koostuu Digitaalisen muoto-opin arkiston kokoelmista sekÀ Oulun nauhoitearkiston nauhoitteista. Molempiin arkistoihin on kerÀtty 1800-luvun lopulla syntyneiden raahelaisten murretta. Olen tutkinut Raahen murteessa esiintyvÀÀ astevaihtelua perinteisen dialektologian mukaisesti ja luokitellut aineistosta löytÀmÀni heikkoasteiset edustukset kolmeen eri pÀÀryhmÀÀn: heikon asteen vastine 1) kahden samanlaisen lyhyen vokaalin vÀlissÀ, 2) kahden erilaisen lyhyen vokaalin vÀlissÀ ja 3) pitkÀn vokaalin tai siihen palautuvan diftongin jÀljessÀ. JÀlkimmÀiset kaksi ryhmÀÀ olen jakanut edelleen kahteen alaryhmÀÀn: heikon asteen edustus illabiaalivokaalin edellÀ ja labiaalivokaalin edellÀ. NÀiden ryhmien sisÀllÀ olen kÀsitellyt k:n ja t:n heikon asteen edustukset kaikissa mahdollisissa vokaaliyhtymissÀ ja verrannut samalla Raahen murteen edustuksia Raahen naapurimurteisiin. Vertailussa olen hyödyntÀnyt astevaihtelusuhteista aiemmin tehtyjÀ tutkimuksia Raahen naapurimurteiden Kala- ja Lestijokilaakson, PyhÀjoen sekÀ Oulun murteen osalta.
Tutkimuksessa selvisi, ettÀ murreraja keski- ja pohjoispohjalaisten murteiden vÀlillÀ on k:n ja t:n radikaalin astevaihtelun suhteen hÀilyvÀ. Tarkasteltaessa klusiilien heikkoasteisia edustuksia kahden samanlaisen vokaalin vÀlissÀ sekÀ labiaalivokaalin edellÀ murreraja nÀyttÀisi kulkevan Raahen etelÀpuolella PyhÀjoen kohdalla, useimmiten PyhÀjoen ja Kalajoen vÀlissÀ. Oulussa, Raahessa ja usein myös PyhÀjoella heikon asteen vastineena on kahden samanlaisen vokaalin vÀlissÀ kato ja labiaalivokaalin edellÀ v. Kala- ja Lestijokilaaksossa tavataan puolestaan j-edustusta. Raahen murre yhtyy nÀissÀ ÀÀnneympÀristöissÀ siis enemmÀn pohjoispohjalaismurteisiin kuin keskipohjalaismurteisiin.
Illabiaalivokaalin edellÀ olevien edustusten osalta tilanne on toinen. Osin Oulu, Raahe ja PyhÀjoki erottuvat yhÀ omaksi yhtenÀiseksi alueekseen yksinomaisella j-edustuksella, kun taas Kala- ja Lestijokilaaksossa j:n rinnalla tavataan runsaasti tavunrajallista edustusta. Useissa ÀÀnneympÀristöissÀ Raahen murteessa esiintyy kuitenkin yksinomaisena heikon asteen vastineena pelkkÀ tavunraja, mikÀ yhdistÀÀ Raahen murteen ennemmin keskipohjalaisiin murteisiin kuin pohjoispohjalaisiin murteisiin. NÀissÀ tapauksissa linja Raahen ja Kala- ja Lestijokilaakson vÀlillÀ ei kuitenkaan aina ole yhtenevÀinen, sillÀ Raahen ja jokilaaksojen vÀlissÀ sijaitseva PyhÀjoki yhtyy toisinaan siirtymÀ-ÀÀnteellisellÀ edustuksellaan Oulun murteeseen. Hieman yllÀttÀvÀ tutkimustulos on myös se, ettÀ toisinaan Raahen murteessa illabiaalivokaalin edellÀ esiintyy yksinomaisena tavunrajallista edustusta jopa sellaisissa ÀÀnneympÀristöissÀ, joissa se ei ole tavallinen edes Kala- ja Lestijokilaaksossa. Tutkimus osoittaa siis sen, ettÀ radikaalin astevaihtelun osalta keski- ja pohjoispohjalaisten murteiden vÀlille ei muodostu tarkkaa murrerajaa. Raahen alue on kuitenkin selvÀsti rajavyöhykettÀ kahden erilaisen astevaihtelusysteemin vÀlissÀ, joiden vÀlillÀ Raahen murre tasapainottelee yhtyen vÀlillÀ pohjoisiin ja vÀlillÀ etelÀisiin naapurimurteisiinsa
Sticky prices in the euro area: a summary of new micro evidence
This paper presents original evidence on price setting in the euro area at the individual level. We use micro data on consumer (CPI) and producer (PPI) prices, as well as survey information. Our main findings are: (i) prices in the euro area are sticky and more so than in the US; (ii) there is evidence of heterogeneity and of asymmetries in price setting behaviour; (iii) downward price rigidity is only slightly more marked than upward price rigidity and (iv) implicit or explicit contracts and coordination failure theories are important, whereas menu or information costs are judged much less relevant by firms. --Price setting,Price stickiness,Consumer prices,Producer prices,survey data
Price setting in the euro area: Some stylized facts from Individual Consumer Price Data
This paper documents patterns of price setting at the retail level in the euro area. A set of stylized facts on the frequency and size of price changes is presented along with an econometric investigation of their main determinants. Price adjustment in the euro area can be summarized in six stylized facts. First, prices of most products change rarely. The average monthly frequency of price adjustment is 15 p.c., compared to about 25 p.c. in the US. Second, the frequency of price changes is characterized by substantial crossproduct heterogeneity and pronounced sectoral patterns: prices of (oilrelated) energy and unprocessed food products change very often, while price adjustments are less frequent for processed food products, nonenergy industrial goods and services. Third, crosscountry heterogeneity exists but is less pronounced. Fourth, price decreases are not uncommon. Fifth, price increases and decreases are sizeable compared to aggregate and sectoral inflation rates. Sixth, price changes are not highly synchronized across pricesetters. Moreover, the frequency of price changes in the euro area is related to a number of factors, in particular seasonality, outlet type, indirect taxation, use of attractive prices as well as aggregate or productspecific inflation.
Price setting in the euro area: Some stylized facts from Individual Consumer Price Data
This paper documents patterns of price setting at the retail level in the euro area, summarized in six stylized facts. First, the average euro area monthly frequency of price adjustment is 15 p.c., compared to about 25 p.c. in the US. Second, the frequency of price changes is characterized by substantial cross product heterogeneity - prices of oil and unprocessed food products change very often, while price adjustments are less frequent for processed food, non energy industrial goods and services. Third, cross country heterogeneity exists but is less pronounced. Fourth, price decreases are not uncommon. Fifth, price increases and decreases are sizeable compared to aggregate and sectoral inflation rates. Sixth, price changes are not highly synchronized across retailers. Moreover, the frequency of price changes in the euro area is related to several factors, such as seasonality, outlet type, indirect taxation, pricing practices as well as aggregate or product specific inflation.Price-setting, consumer price, frequency of price change.
Price setting in the euro area: some stylized facts from individual consumer price data
This paper documents patterns of price setting at the retail level in the euro area, summarized in six stylized facts. First, the average euro area monthly frequency of price adjustment is 15 p.c., compared to about 25 p.c. in the US. Second, the frequency of price changes is characterized by substantial cross product heterogeneity - prices of oil and unprocessed food products change very often, while price adjustments are less frequent for processed food, non energy industrial goods and services. Third, cross country heterogeneity exists but is less pronounced. Fourth, price decreases are not uncommon. Fifth, price increases and decreases are sizeable compared to aggregate and sectoral inflation rates. Sixth, price changes are not highly synchronized across retailers. Moreover, the frequency of price changes in the euro area is related to several factors, such as seasonality, outlet type, indirect taxation, pricing practices as well as aggregate or product specific inflation. JEL Classification: E31, D40, C25consumer price, frequency of price change, Pricesetting
Sticky Prices in The Euro Area: a Summary of New Micro Evidence
This paper presents original evidence on price setting in the euro area at the individual level. We use micro data on consumer (CPI) and producer (PPI) prices, as well as survey information. Our main findings are: (i) prices in the euro area are sticky and more so than in the US; (ii) there is evidence of heterogeneity and of asymmetries in price setting behaviour; (iii) downward price rigidity is only slightly more marked than upward price rigidity and (iv) implicit or explicit contracts and coordination failure theories are important, whereas menu or information costs are judged much less relevant by firms.
Sticky prices in the euro area: a summary of new micro evidence
This paper presents original evidence on price setting in the euro area at the individual level. We use micro data on consumer (CPI) and producer (PPI) prices, as well as survey information. Our main findings are: (i) prices in the euro area are sticky and more so than in the US; (ii) there is evidence of heterogeneity and of asymmetries in price setting behaviour; (iii) downward price rigidity is only slightly more marked than upward price rigidity and (iv) implicit or explicit contracts and coordination failure theories are important, whereas menu or information costs are judged much less relevant by firms. JEL Classification: C25, D40, E31consumer prices, price setting, Price stickiness, producer prices, survey data
Price Setting in the Euro Area: Some Stylized Facts from Individual Consumer Price Data.
This paper documents patterns of price setting at the retail level in the euro area. A set of stylized facts on the frequency and size of price changes is presented along with an econometric investigation of their main determinants. Price adjustment in the euro area can be summarized in six stylized facts. First, prices of most products change rarely. The average monthly frequency of price adjustment is 15 p.c., compared to about 25 p.c. in the US. Second, the frequency of price changes is characterized by substantial cross-product heterogeneity and pronounced sectoral patterns: prices of (oil-related) energy and unprocessed food products change very often, while price adjustments are less frequent for processed food products, non-energy industrial goods and services. Third, cross-country heterogeneity exists but is less pronounced. Fourth, price decreases are not uncommon. Fifth, price increases and decreases are sizeable compared to aggregate and sectoral inflation rates. Sixth, price changes are not highly synchronized across price-setters. Moreover, the frequency of price changes in the euro area is related to a number of factors, in particular seasonality, outlet type, indirect taxation, use of attractive prices as well as aggregate or product-specific inflation.Price-setting ; consumer price ; frequency of price change.
Sticky Prices in the Euro Area: A Summary of New Micro Evidence,
This paper presents original evidence on price setting in the euro area at the individual level. We use micro data on consumer (CPI) and producer (PPI) prices, as well as survey information. Our main findings are: (i) prices in the euro area are sticky and more so than in the US; (ii) there is evidence of heterogeneity and of asymmetries in price setting behaviour; (iii) downward price rigidity is only slightly more marked than upward price rigidity and (iv) implicit or explicit contracts and coordination failure theories are important, whereas menu or information costs are judged much less relevant by firms.Price setting ; Price stickiness ; Consumer prices ; Producer prices ; Survey data.