Los fósiles : qué son y para qué sirven

Bajo el término fósil, se agrupan gran cantidad de evidencias materiales de la vida en el pasado. Generalmente, de los organismos fosilizados únicamente se conservan las partes duras, esqueléticas, por ser más resistentes a la destrucción. Pero además de los restos de organismos, también son fósiles las evidencias de la actividad orgánica, ya sean cuerpos materiales (huevos, polen, semillas, excrementos, .) o marcas como pisadas, pistas, madrigueras, etc,. Los fósiles nos permiten comprender la vida en el pasado (evolución de las especies, datación de los sedimentos que los contienen, estudios paleoclimáticos, etc.). Son varios los mecanismos que permiten que un organismo (o una de sus partes) fosilice.Under the term fossil we gather a large amount of material evidences of life in the past. Generally only the tough (skeletal) parts of the fossilized organisms are preserved because they are more resistant to destruction. Apart from organisms remains, the evidences of organic activity are also fossils, being material bodies (eggs, pollen, seeds, defecations) or marks such as footprints, tracks, nests etc,. Fossils allow us to understand life in the past (species evolution, datation of the sediments where are found, paleoclimatic studies .). Several mechanisms permit an organism (or its parts) to be fossilized

Mexican Upper Cretaceous rudists (Hippuritida, Bivalvia) : Taxonomic, stratigraphic, and geologic data

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICAnalysis of seventy published papers dealing with Mexican Upper Cretaceous rudists, together with consultation of the newest geological maps covering the areas with mentioned rudist fossil localities, evidenced that: a) several among the Turonian-Maastrichtian species mentioned are junior synonymies, nomen nudum, insufficiently described, or have untraceable types. According to modern standards, around sixty species seem acceptable, Antillocaprinidae (12), Hippuritidae (11), Plagioptychidae (9), and Radiolitidae (27). Only three species (Turonian) are common with Eurasia. All the Santonian-Maastrichtian rudists (54) are exclusively American species, either ascribed to Eurasian (9) or to American (21) genera. b) Research on rudists helped to improve the stratigraphy in some areas, and to point out or clear up some geological issues in others. c) The restudy of the geology in some areas, of some rudist collections in museums, and of some rudist groups, are much necessary and must be undertaken

Luis Mariano Vidal (1842-1922) rudist taxa revisited

The revision of the 323 register numbers of rudist bivalves in the Vidal Collection, kept at the Museu de Geologia de Barcelona (MCNB), allowed the identification and re-figuration of thirty-three holotype or syntype specimens corresponding to twenty species established by Vidal. Among them, thirteen are considered as valid species, four resulted to be synonymous with other senior species, and three (one not figured) do not display enough characters to be properly identified. The four syntypes of Hippurites castroi, currently attributed to genus Hippuritella, have not been localised, nor the other two specimens subsequently figured by the author. Similarly, three of the four syntypes of Hippurites maestrei, type species of Hippuritella, have not been localised. Contrarily, the specimens described as Sphaerulites posae but not figured, were localised. On the other hand, twelve specimens, syntypes or figured as new species by other authors (Matheron and Douvillé), have also been identified and are re-figured; most of them are part of the specimens that were sectioned for study and then returned to Vidal. In addition, other seventeen specimens figured by Douvillé have been identified and are documented; most of them also being part of a sectioned specimen

Intellectual disability and the prison setting

Este estudio pretende determinar la prevalencia de discapacidad intelectual en una muestra de la población penitenciaria española, ubicada en módulos residenciales. Se pretende, por otro lado, obtener datos sobre la prevalencia de discapacidad intelectual en unidades y hospitales psiquiátricos penitenciarios

What Is the Capacity of Individuals with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder to Make Healthcare Decisions? An Exploratory Study of the Views of Patients, Psychiatrists, and Family Caregivers—A Survey on Decisional Capacity in Mental Health

Background: Research on the decisional capacity of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients mostly reflects the hospital context. Aim: To describe the views of patients, psychiatrists, and caregivers on the capacity of individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to make everyday decisions on their care related to their illness. Methods: A survey was conducted among schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients, psychiatrists, and caregivers (June 2019 to January 2020; seven countries). A questionnaire was emailed to members of the Global Alliance of Mental Illness of Advocacy Network—Europe (GAMIAN; patients) and the European Federation of Families of People with Mental Illness (EUFAMI; caregivers) and to psychiatrists who voluntarily agreed to participate. Questions referred to patients’ involvement and capacity for healthcare decision making, and to barriers to and opportunities for autonomous decision making. Frequency, agreement, and importance were rated on Likert scales. Descriptive statistics were conducted. Results: 21 schizophrenia or bipolar disorder patients (52.3% female; mean age (years) ± SD: 50.71 ± 12.02), 11 psychiatrists (18.2% female), and 15 caregivers (86.6% female; 100% family related) participated in the survey. In total, 86% of patients felt frequently involved in decisions about everyday care and medications, and 91% of psychiatrists and 40% of caregivers perceived the same; 38% of patients felt frequently involved in decisions about the use of acute symptom medications, and 57% on care planning, and 55% and 82% of psychiatrists, and 40% and 53% of caregivers, respectively, believed the same; and 86% of patients, 91% of psychiatrists, and 47% of caregivers agreed on the capacity of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder patients to value the implications of taking medicines to prevent acute psychotic crises. Poor understanding and training are barriers, while advocacy and increasing interest in patients’ needs are opportunities for increasing autonomous decision making. Conclusions: Stakeholders concur that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients have the capacity to make everyday decisions around their care related to their illness, including acute symptom management. Barriers and opportunities exist to foster autonomous decisions among mental illness individuals

Difusió virtual d'itineraris de camp en ciències de la terra

El portal d'internet GEOCAMP (http://einstein.uab.es/_c_gr_geocamp/geocamp/), d'activitats de camp en Ciències de la Terra permet optimitzar el treball abans, després i durant una excursió. Fins ara aquest ha estat el contingut del recurs virtual. La gran acceptació que ha anat tenint entre els alumnes de la universitat (sobretot dels primers cursos) com en altres entorns (professorat de secundària etc.) ens ha portat a ampliar-ne el seu abast. Així doncs, ens hem plantejat dos objectius. Un primer objectiu ha estat la traducció de la web al castellà i l'anglès. Un segon objectiu ha estat desenvolupar un apartat de propostes d'itineraris de camp concrets. Aquest segon objectiu ha de contribuir a omplir de contingut el recurs web a partir de l'aportació d'itineraris que estem desenvolupant des de dins el projecte però també a partir d'aportacions externes

Facilitators and barriers to modifying dietary and hygiene behaviours as adjuvant treatment in patients with depression in primary care: A qualitative study.

Background: Major depression is a highly prevalent condition. Its pathogenesis is related to a wide variety of biological and psychosocial factors and among these is factors related to lifestyle. Lifestyle-based interventions seem to be appropriate strategies as coadjutant treatment. The objective of this study is to explore and identify expectations and experiences of both patients and healthcare professionals that can point to the main barriers and facilitators with regard to the promotion of healthy dietary and hygiene behaviours in patients suffering from major depression. Methods: A qualitative design was used to collect information from a wide range of purposefully and theoretically guided samples of depressed patients and health professionals from Primary Care (PC). Both in-depth interviews and discussion groups were used. A standardized protocol was designed to guide the interviews and groups, including the preparation of a topic list to be addressed, with previously tested, open suggestions that could be of interest. A thematic analysis was performed from grounded theory in order to explore, develop and define until saturation the emergent categories of analysis derived from the individual interview and group data. Results: Both patients as well as PC professionals noted a series of central aspects with respect to the implementation of a programme for the acquisition of healthy dietary and hygiene habits for depressive patients, which may be organized around ‘personal’, ‘programmatic’, and ‘transversal’ aspects. As for the personal aspects, categories regarding ‘patient history’, and ‘disposition’ were found; the programmatic aspects included categories such as ‘presentation and monitoring’, and modification of ‘cognitive’ and ‘behavioural’ habits; whereas the transversal aspects comprised the possibilities of ‘social support’ and defining categories of ‘objectives’. Conclusion: The implementation of intervention programmes that combine dietary and hygiene-related factors in patients with depression is complex, given the nature of the disorder itself, and its symptoms such as apathy and feelings of guilt or incompetence. Key issues exist for the success of the intervention, such as the simplicity of guidelines, tailoring through motivational interviewing, prolonged and intense monitoring throughout the different stages of the disorder, and the provision of adequate feedback and social support. PC could be an appropriate level in which to implement these interventions

El GEOCAMP : un sitio web y una herramienta de edición para las actividades de campo en Geología

El GEOCAMP es un portal informático de apoyo a las actividades de campo en Geología. Es un sitio web de libre acceso a disposición de docentes y estudiantes que realizan prácticas de campo como parte de sus enseñanzas o aprendizajes. Es un espacio hipermedia que contiene materiales didácticos de producción propia y numerosos enlaces a todo tipo de informaciones relacionadas con las prácticas de campo en asignaturas de Ciencias de la Tierra. El portal incorpora una herramienta de autoedición - el GEOCAMP-EDITOR -, una aplicación informática que permite introducir desde cualquier lugar del mundo los textos y figuras que conforman la descripción de un punto o itinerario de interés geológico. A partir de la información proporcionada, se genera un documento con una maquetación propia que puede ser consultado en formato HTML o descargado como PDF y utilizado como guía de campo.GEOCAMP is a website devoted to field activities in Geology. It is a free access web site available for both teachers and students who carry out field exercises as part of their teaching or learning. It is a hypermedia resource containing original teaching materials and several links with all kind of topics related to field exercises in subjects of Earth Sciences. The website includes a desktop publishing tool - the GEOCAMP-EDITOR -, a software application that allows to download from anywhere in the world the text and images that describe a point or route of geological interest. Once the information has been downloaded, a document is automatically generated. This document can be accessed in HTML format or downloaded as a PDF document to be used as a field guide

Recurs multimedia del treball de camp en geologia

El portal Geocamp s'ha creat per aplicar-lo al procés d'aprenentatge de la Geologia al camp, enllaçant conceptes teòrics amb metodologia de treball fora de l'aula o el laboratori. S'adreça a docents i estudiants d'universitat, secundària, batxillerat, formació de professorat o públic en general. Aquest portal conté materials didàctics propis i enllaços amb tot tipus d'informacions relatives al treball de camp en Ciències de la Terra. L'element més innovador rau en la seva utilitat a l'hora de plantejar les activitats de preparació de les excursions. També hi trobem pautes metodològiques per a treballar en els afloraments, idees sobre les activitats de síntesi etc. Geocamp consta de 4 blocs: "Preparem la sortida" (elecció del lloc, transport, predicció meteorològica, material necessari, materials didàctics, enllaços d'interès etc.), "El treball de camp" (pautes d'observació, descripció i interpretació de les roques, recomanacions de seguretat etc.), "Itineraris" (exemples regionals propis o disponibles a la xarxa) i "Després de la sortida" (propostes de realització d'un informe final etc.)

Role of personal aptitudes as determinants of incident morbidity, lifestyles, quality of life, use of health services, and mortality (DESVELA cohort): quantitative study protocol for a prospective cohort study in a hybrid analysis

IntroductionThe healthcare and well-being of the population depend on multiple factors and should adapt to societal changes. The opposite is also occurring; society has evolved concerning the individuals’ approach to their care, which includes participation in decision-making processes. In this scenario, health promotion and prevention become crucial to provide an integrated perspective in the organization and management of the health systems.Health status and well-being depend on many aspects, determinants of health, which in turn may be modulated by individual behavior. Certain models and frameworks try to study the determinants of health and individual human behaviors, separately. However, the interrelation between these two aspects has not been examined in our population.Our main objective is to analyze whether personal aptitudes related to behaviors are independently associated with the incidence of morbidity. A secondary objective will enquire whether these personal aptitudes are independently associated with lower all-cause mortality, enhanced adoption of healthy lifestyles, higher quality of life, and lower utilization of health services during follow-up.MethodsThis protocol addresses the quantitative branch of a multicenter project (10 teams) for the creation of a cohort of at least 3,083 persons aged 35 to 74 years from 9 Autonomous Communities (AACC). The personal variables to evaluate are self-efficacy, activation, health literacy, resilience, locus of control, and personality traits. Socio-demographic covariates and social capital will be recorded. A physical examination, blood analysis, and cognitive evaluation will be carried out.Several sets of six Cox models (one for each independent variable) will analyze the incidence of morbidity (objective 1); all-cause mortality and the rest of the dependent variables (objective 2). The models will be adjusted for the indicated covariates, and random effects will estimate Potential heterogeneity between AACC.DiscussionThe analysis of the association of certain behavioral patterns and determinants of health is essential and will contribute to improving health promotion and prevention strategies. The description of the individual elements and interrelated aspects that modulate the onset and persistence of diseases will allow the evaluation of their role as prognostic factors and contribute to the development of patient-tailored preventive measures and healthcare.Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04386135. Registered on April 30, 2020