2,506 research outputs found
Is the East Catching Up?: The Development of Public Investment in East and West Germany
Expanding and modernizing the infrastructure is generally regarded as essential for East Germany to catch up with the west. The question concerning the quality and quantity of the infrastructure in East Germany played a central role in the negotiations for both Solidarity Pact I and Solidarity Pact II. However, while only very sparse information and estimates were available on the level of state fixed assets for the negotiations in spring 1993, the decisions for Solidarity Pact II in 2001 could rely on a broader data base. Estimates by DIW Berlin on state fixed assets in East and West Germany played an important part. They in turn were based on an estimated development in public investment for the years 1998 to 2004. A comparison of this with the actual development in east and west Germany shows considerable discrepancies between the forecast and the actual figures.
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Fungal speciation using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) in patients with and without chronic rhinosinusitis.
Objectives/hypothesisThe objectives of this study were to determine the mycology of the middle meatus using an endoscopically guided brush sampling technique and polymerase chain reaction laboratory processing of nasal mucous; to compare the mycology of the middle meatus in patients with sinus disease with subjects without sinus disease; to compare the responses on two standardized quality-of-life survey forms between patients with and without sinusitis; and to determine whether the presence of fungi in the middle meatus correlates with responses on these data sets.Study designThe authors conducted a single-blind, prospective, cross-sectional study.MethodsPatients with sinus disease and a control group without sinus disease were enrolled in the study. A disease-specific, validated Sinonasal Outcomes Test survey (SNOT-20) was completed by the subjects and a generalized validated Medical Outcomes Short Form 36 Survey (SF-36) was also completed. An endoscopically guided brush sampling of nasal mucous was obtained from the middle meatus. Fungal specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) was performed on the obtained sample to identify one of 82 different species of fungus in the laboratory. Statistical analysis was used to categorize the recovered fungal DNA and to crossreference this information with the outcomes surveys.ResultsThe fungal recovery rate in the study was 45.9% in patients with sinus disease and 45.9% in control subjects. Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis had a mean SNOT-20 score of 1.80 versus the control group mean score of 0.77 (P < .0001). SF-36 data similarly showed a statistically significant difference between diseased and control populations with controls scoring a mean of 80.37 and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis scoring a mean of 69.35 for a P value of .02. However, no statistical significance could be ascribed to the presence or absence of fungi recovered, the type of fungi recovered, or the possible impact of fungi on the quality-of-life survey results.ConclusionThe recovery rate of fungi from the middle meatus of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and a control population without chronic rhinosinusitis is 45.9% using QPCR techniques. No direct causation with regard to fungal species or presence was proven; however, a species grouping for future studies is proposed based on trends in this data and other reports. Disease-specific outcomes surveys revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups
Is the East Catching Up?: The Development of Public Investment in East and West Germany
Expanding and modernizing the infrastructure is generally regarded as essential for East Germany to catch up with the west. The question concerning the quality and quantity of the infrastructure in East Germany played a central role in the negotiations for both Solidarity Pact I and Solidarity Pact II. However, while only very sparse information and estimates were available on the level of state fixed assets for the negotiations in spring 1993, the decisions for Solidarity Pact II in 2001 could rely on a broader data base. Estimates by DIW Berlin on state fixed assets in East and West Germany played an important part. They in turn were based on an estimated development in public investment for the years 1998 to 2004. A comparison of this with the actual development in east and west Germany shows considerable discrepancies between the forecast and the actual figures
Holt der Osten auf?: Entwicklung der öffentlichen Investitionen in Ost- und Westdeutschland
Ausbau und Modernisierung der Infrastruktur gelten gemeinhin als eine notwendige Bedingung fĂŒr den Aufholprozess in Ostdeutschland. Sowohl in den Verhandlungen zum Solidarpakt I wie auch zum Solidarpakt II spielte die Frage der infrastrukturellen Ausstattung in Ostdeutschland eine zentrale Rolle. WĂ€hrend in den Verhandlungen im FrĂŒhjahr 1993 nur sehr spĂ€rliche Informationen und SchĂ€tzungen ĂŒber die Höhe des staatlichen Anlagevermögens zur VerfĂŒgung standen, konnten sich die Entscheidungen im Zuge des Solidarpakts II im Jahre 2001 auf eine breitere Datengrundlage stĂŒtzen. Von Bedeutung waren hierbei SchĂ€tzungen des DIW Berlin zum staatlichen Anlagevermögen in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Im Folgenden wird die damals geschĂ€tzte Entwicklung der öffentlichen Investitionen fĂŒr die Jahre 1998 bis 2004 dem tatsĂ€chlichen Verlauf in Ost- und Westdeutschland gegenĂŒbergestellt, wobei die ostdeutschen LĂ€nder mit den westdeutschen NehmerlĂ€ndern im Finanzausgleich verglichen werden. Zwischen prognostizierten und tatsĂ€chlichen Werten zeigen sich erhebliche Diskrepanzen. Seinerzeit wurde eine viel gĂŒnstigere Entwicklung der öffentlichen Investitionen sowohl in Ostdeutschland wie in Westdeutschland angenommen
Ehrgeizige Konsolidierungsziele im bayerischen Landeshaushalt: nicht ohne Risiken
Die zĂ€he wirtschaftliche Stagnation in den vergangenen Jahren hat tiefe Spuren in den öffentlichen Haushalten hinterlassen. Nicht nur fielen die Finanzierungsdefizite stets höher aus als ursprĂŒnglich geplant. Auch wurden die im europĂ€ischen StabilitĂ€ts- und Wachstumspakt gezogenen Verschuldungsgrenzen deutlich ĂŒberschritten - obwohl die Finanzpolitik auf die konjunktur- und auch auf die reformbedingten EinnahmeausfĂ€lle mit AusgabekĂŒrzungen reagierte. Von dieser Entwicklung blieben selbst wirtschaftsstĂ€rkere Regionen wie Bayern nicht verschont. Im Jahre 2000 hatte der bayerische Landeshaushalt noch mit einem Ăberschuss abgeschlossen. Im abgelaufenen Jahr, in dem Landtagswahlen stattfanden, betrug das Defizit 2,7 Mrd. Euro und war damit weit höher als geplant. Nun sind von der bayerischen Staatsregierung umfangreiche Einsparungen angekĂŒndigt worden. Ziel ist es, im Jahre 2006 einen ausgeglichenen Haushalt zu prĂ€sentieren. Zweifellos sind die Konsolidierungsziele sehr ehrgeizig gesetzt, obwohl der Handlungsdruck in Bayern geringer ist als in anderen BundeslĂ€ndern. Zumindest kurzfristig dĂŒrften hiervon hemmende EinflĂŒsse auf die Wirtschaftsentwicklung der Region ausgehen
Bronte
There is no clear evidence for the name or names of the particular bands of the Eora people who lived in what is now the Waverley area. Most sources agree on the Cadigal, but some sources name the Biddigal and Birrabirragal bands as well.In the early part of the nineteenth century, land in the eastern suburbs of Sydney was given to settlers as free grants. Governor Phillip had been instructed to grant land to âdeserving emancipated convictsâ and âsoldiers of the Marine Corpsâ from 1789. The free grants ceased in 1831, and in 1836 William Mortimer Lewis, New South Wales Colonial Architect, became the first to purchase land at Nelson Bay, later known as Bronte
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