Sustainable Sanitation for All: Experiences, challenges and innovations

Great strides have been made in improving sanitation in many developing countries. Yet, 2.4 billion people worldwide still lack access to adequate sanitation facilities and the poorest and most vulnerable members of society are often not reached and their specific needs are not met. Moreover, sustainability is currently one of the key challenges in CLTS and wider WASH practice, subsuming issues such as behaviour change, equity and inclusion, physical sustainability and sanitation marketing, monitoring and verification, engagement of governments, NGOs and donors, particularly after open defecation free (ODF) status is reached, and more. Achievement of ODF status is now recognised as only the first stage in a long process of change and sanitation improvement, with new challenges emerging every step of the way, such as how to stimulate progress up the sanitation ladder, how to ensure the poorest and marginalised are reached, or how to maintain and embed behaviour change. There have been several useful studies on sustainability that have highlighted some of these different aspects as well as the complexities involved. This book develops these key themes by exploring current experience, practices, challenges, innovations and insights, as well as identifying a future research agenda and gaps in current knowledge. Describing the landscape of sustainability of CLTS and sanitation with reference to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and through examples from Africa and Asia, the book captures a range of experiences and innovations from a broad range of institutions and actors within the WASH sector, and attempts to make recommendations and practical suggestions for policy and practice for practitioners, funders, policy-makers and governments.Chapter available as individual PDFs: 1. Going beyond open defecation free, Naomi Vernon and Petra Bongartz; 2. Sanitation in Bangladesh: revolution, evolution, and new challenges, Suzanne Hanchett; 3. Building environments to support sustainability of improved sanitation behaviours at scale: levers of change in East Asia Nilanjana Mukherjee; 4. Strengthening post-ODF programming: reviewing lessons from sub-Saharan Africa, Ann Thomas; 5. CLTS and sanitation marketing: aspects to consider for a better integrated approach, Twitty Munkhondia, Warren Mukelabai Simangolwa and Alfonso Zapico Maceda; 6. User-centred latrine guidelines – integrating CLTS with sanitation marketing: a case study from Kenya to promote informed choice, Yolande Coombes; 7. Sanitation infrastructure sustainability challenges case study: Ethiopia, Hunachew Beyene; 8. The long-term safe management of rural shit, Jamie Myers; 9. Beyond ODF: a phased approach to rural sanitation development, Andrew Robinson and Michael Gnilo; 10. Roles and responsibilities for post-ODF engagement: building an enabling institutional environment for CLTS sustainability, Samuel Musembi Musyoki; 11. Who is managing the post-ODF process in the community? A case study of Nambale sub-county in western Kenya, Elizabeth Wamera; 12. Tools for embedding post-ODF sustainability: experiences from SNV Nepal, Anup Kumar Regmi; 13. Certification of open defecation free status: emerging lessons from Kenya, Lewnida Sara; 14. Promoting choice: smart finance for rural sanitation development, Andrew Robinson and Michael Gnilo; 15. Putting the hardest to reach at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals, Sue Cavill, Sharon Roose, Cathy Stephen, and Jane Wilbur; 16. Leave no one behind: equality and nondiscrimination in sanitation and hygiene, Archana Patkar; 17. Purity, pollution, and untouchability: challenges affecting the adoption, use, and sustainability of sanitation programmes in rural India, Aashish Gupta, Diane Coffey, and Dean Spears; 18. Using social norms theory to strengthen CATS impact and sustainability, Therese Dooley, Louise Maule, and Michael Gnilo; 19. Conclusion: gaps in knowledge and further research needs, Naomi Vernon and Petra Bongartz.This series is funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation (Sida)

What Will Parents Pay for Hands-on Ocean Conservation and Stewardship Education?

Supported by the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation, the Ocean Guardian School (OGS) program is a federally funded grant program coordinated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. OGS supports the educational goals of national marine sanctuaries (NMS) by funding hands-on ocean conservation and stewardship programs in both public and private schools. Schools apply for grants (up to $4,000) to implement school- or community-based conservation projects to educate students, while contributing to the health and protection of local watersheds and the world’s ocean. This study is the first to estimate the value that parents have for their child’s participation in an ocean conservation and stewardship program. Using a contingent choice survey, changes to student behaviour, parents’ support for the OGS program and the non-market economic value to parents of the six program attributes are estimated

Sustentabilidade e CLTS: Ponto da Situação

Each of three overlapping phases in the history of CLTS has presented its own major features, preoccupations and priorities: 1. Early growth and acceptance. Creativity, rapid learning, credibility. Refining methods, start-ups in countries, establishing bridgeheads, facing down scepticism, resistance and rejection, finding and supporting champions. 2. Going to scale. Rapid national, international and organisational spread. Maintaining quality in training and performance, verification, knowing the field realities. 3. Mature engagement. Sustainability and scope. Post-ODF (Open Defecation Free) follow-up, marketing and the sanitation ladder, problem nvironments, environmental risk when pits are emptied or replaced, diversity, depth and breadth of research to refine CLTS, wider frontiers. In recent years, sustainability of ODF conditions in rural areas has repeatedly been a top concern in workshops and conferences. Other issues of this series will explore and review wider frontiers and aspects of scope and diversity. This issue seeks to summarise and take stock of what we know about sustainability, practical implications of that knowledge, and what more we need to know.This series is funded by Sid

Caring International Research Collaborative: A Five-Country Partnership to Measure Perception of Nursing Staffs’ Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Caring for Self

Partnering in research across disciplines and across countries can be challenging due to differing contexts of practice and culture. This study sought to demonstrate how central constructs that have application across disciplines and countries can be studied while concurrently considering context. Groups of nurses from Botswana, Ireland, Israel, New Zealand, and Spain partnered to identify how to measure the constructs of caring for self, burnout, and compassion fatigue, replicating a study by Johnson (2012), who found that caring for self had a moderately strong negative relationship with both compassion fatigue and burnout. While these constructs were of interest to all five groups, the conversation of contextual influences varied. All five groups used the same instruments to measure the central constructs. Levels of burnout and compassion fatigue varied by country but were moderated by caring for self. Partnering across countries made it possible to understand that caring for self moderates the negative impact of burnout and compassion fatigue in all five countries. This study gives insight into methods for partnering across disciplines and contexts

ehealth technology in cardiac exercise therapeutics for pediatric patients with congenital and acquired heart conditions: a summary of evidence and future directions

Many children and adolescents with congenital and acquired heart disease (CHD) are physically inactive and participate in an insufficient amount of moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise. Although physical activity (PA) and exercise interventions are effective at improving short- and long-term physiological and psychosocial outcomes in youth with CHD, several barriers including resource limitations, financial costs, and knowledge inhibit widespread implementation and dissemination of these beneficial programs. New and developing eHealth, mHealth, and remote monitoring technologies offer a potentially transformative and cost-effective solution to increase access to PA and exercise programs for youth with CHD, yet little has been written on this topic. In this review, a cardiac exercise therapeutics (CET) model is presented as a systematic approach to PA and exercise, with assessment and testing guiding three sequential PA and exercise intervention approaches of progressive intensity and resource requirements: (1) PA and exercise promotion within a clinical setting; (2) unsupervised exercise prescription; and (3) medically supervised fitness training intervention (i.e., cardiac rehabilitation). Using the CET model, the goal of this review is to summarize the current evidence describing the application of novel technologies within CET in populations of children and adolescents with CHD and introduce potential future applications of these technologies with an emphasis on improving equity and access to patients in low-resource settings and underserved communities

Caring international research collaborative: A five-country partnership to measure perception of nursing staffs' compassion fatigue, burnout, and caring for self

Partnering in research across disciplines and across countries can be challenging due to differing contexts of practice and culture. This study sought to demonstrate how central constructs that have application across disciplines and countries can be studied while concurrently considering context. Groups of nurses from Botswana, Ireland, Israel, New Zealand, and Spain partnered to identify how to measure the constructs of caring for self, burnout, and compassion fatigue, replicating a study by Johnson (2012), who found that caring for self had a moderately strong negative relationship with both compassion fatigue and burnout. While these constructs were of interest to all five groups, the conversation of contextual influences varied. All five groups used the same instruments to measure the central constructs. Levels of burnout and compassion fatigue varied by country but were moderated by caring for self. Partnering across countries made it possible to understand that caring for self moderates the negative impact of burnout and compassion fatigue in all five countries. This study gives insight into methods for partnering across disciplines and contexts

Health, education, and social care provision after diagnosis of childhood visual disability

Aim: To investigate the health, education, and social care provision for children newly diagnosed with visual disability.Method: This was a national prospective study, the British Childhood Visual Impairment and Blindness Study 2 (BCVIS2), ascertaining new diagnoses of visual impairment or severe visual impairment and blindness (SVIBL), or equivalent vi-sion. Data collection was performed by managing clinicians up to 1-year follow-up, and included health and developmental needs, and health, education, and social care provision.Results: BCVIS2 identified 784 children newly diagnosed with visual impairment/SVIBL (313 with visual impairment, 471 with SVIBL). Most children had associated systemic disorders (559 [71%], 167 [54%] with visual impairment, and 392 [84%] with SVIBL). Care from multidisciplinary teams was provided for 549 children (70%). Two-thirds (515) had not received an Education, Health, and Care Plan (EHCP). Fewer children with visual impairment had seen a specialist teacher (SVIBL 35%, visual impairment 28%, χ2p < 0.001), or had an EHCP (11% vs 7%, χ2p < 0 . 01).Interpretation: Families need additional support from managing clinicians to access recommended complex interventions such as the use of multidisciplinary teams and educational support. This need is pressing, as the population of children with visual impairment/SVIBL is expected to grow in size and complexity.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited