High performance quaternary logic designs using GNFETs

The implementations of quaternary circuit schematics are presented in this paper. The quaternary logic is a better choice over the conventional logics because it offers high operating speed, reduced chip area and reduced on-chip interconnects. A new method is presented to design quaternary schematics using graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors (GNFETs). The dimer line of graphene nanoribbon (GN) is used to control the threshold voltage of GNFETs. Four quaternary logic inverter circuits such as standard quaternary inverter (SQI), intermediate quaternary inverter (IQI), positive quaternary inverter (PQI) and negative quaternary inverter (NQI) along with the NAND and NOR circuits are proposed. Furthermore, the quaternary half adder circuit is designed that helps to develop complex designs. The HSPICE simulator is utilized for simulating the proposed designs to obtain the performances such as delay, power and power delay product (PDP). The obtained circuit performances are compared with carbon nanotube FETs (CNFETs) based circuits. The comparison results show that the proposed GNFET circuits achieved 53.51% of overall performance improvement over the CNFET circuits

Structural and Photoluminescence Studies of (Cu, Al) Co-doped ZnO Nanoparticles

International audiencePristine and co-doped ZnO with doping of Cu and Al nano particles have been successfully synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method without using any capping agent and annealed in air ambient at 500 0 C for one hour. Here, the Al concentration is fixed at 5 mol percent and copper concentration is increasing from 1 to 5 mol percent. The Crystallanity, structure and crystallite size of pure and co-doped ZnO nano particles are determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in range from 20 0 to 80 0. XRD pattern reveals that the samples possess hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO and the estimated particle size of pure and co-doped ZnO nano particles is 20-22nm. Morphological and compositional analysis is done by SEM and EDS. Photoluminescence studies reveals the origin of PL emission in the visible region. PL spectrum shows the blue emission peaks appeared at 435, 448 and 468 nm and green emission peak at 536 nm. Introduction. ZnO is a promising (II-V) semi conductor with wide direct band gap (3.32 eV) and large binding energy (60 MeV). It have attracted a lot of attention due to its significant properties such as room temperature luminescence, good transparency and high electron mobility. Also, it has practical applications in various fields such as solar cells, light emitting diodes, gas sensors, etc. Preferentially ZnO is in the hexagonal wurtzite structure[1-3]. Electronic structure, optical and electrical properties of the host lattice ZnO can be varied by adding of different type of metal ions such as Ca, Al, Mg, Ni and Fe[4-10]. The magnetic properties of ZnO also tuned by doping of metal ions such as Co, N, Ru and Cu[11-13]. There are different methods for the synthesis of ZnO nano particles such as solution combustion method [14], vapor phase oxidation[15], chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel[16], chemical co-precipitation method[17-19]. Among these methods chemical co-precipitation method is used for the preparation of large quantity of pure and doped ZnO nano particles because it is simple, cost effective and high yield rate. The structural, compositional and optical properties of the synthesized nano particles are presented

Preparation and properties of thin silicon nitride films

373-377<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">Very thin thermal silicon nitride films have been prepared using an indigenously developed nitridation reactor. Growth kinetics of the films have been studied for different pressure conditions in the temperature range 850-1100°C for different time periods. Optical and electrical properties have been studied The values of refractive index, resistivity and dielectric constant of the films have been measured and are found to be 1.95 , 8×1014 ohm-cm and 5.6, respectively.</span

Design and Development of an Inexpensive Temperature Controller for an Infant Incubator

ABSTRACT: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is used for better temperature measurement, isolation from infection, specialized feeding to infants and to prevent hypothermia and hyperthermia. The NICU or incubator consists of a servo control system including temperature sensor to regulate incubator air temperature. Among the number of temperature sensors like thermocouples, thermistors, Mercury thermometers, digital temperature sensor (DTS), etc, DTS gives accurate results over analog temperature sensors. The objective of the work is to interface Programmable ADT7410 DTS to PIC18F8720 Microcontroller to monitor the infants body temperature. This sensor measures temperature with accuracy, high resolution and fast conversion. ADT7410 is a MEM based digital sensor, which is Programmable for High, Low and critical temperature limits. It also includes on-chip oscillator, Sigma-Delta modulator, temperature registers and interrupt pins. PIC microcontroller is used as core of servo control system to read and write temperature from sensor using I2C protocol, and to control peripherals like radiant warmer, buzzer, Relays and display the result on LCD monitor. The software program is written in C language and compiled to generate Hex file. The step by step process of the system is explained using flowchart

Biological, antigenic and genomic relationships among the virus isolates causing mosaic disease of sugarcane in South India

The virus isolates causing mosaic disease of commercial sugarcane around Tirupati (Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh (AP)), Tanuku (West Godavari district, AP), Hospet (Bellary district, Karnataka) and Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) were propagated on Sorghum bicolor cv, Rio by sap inoculation and also through vegetative propagules of sugarcane. In host range studies, the four isolates infected all the 11 tested sorghum differentials with per cent infection ranging from 10 to 100, but they failed to infect Pennisetum typhoides, Zea mays, Eleusine coracana and Triticum aestivum, The antigenic relationships among these isolates determined by employing agar gel double diffusion (AGDD), direct antigen coating-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA) and electroblot immunoassay (EBIA) tests using antiserum of Tirupati (Chittoor district, AP) isolate (sugarcane streak mosaic virus, SCSMV-AP) revealed that the other three isolates are antigenically similar to SCSMV-AP, This was further confirmed by slot-blot hybridization using radioactive nucleic acid probe (pSV-7) specific to 3'-UTR and C-terminal portions of coat protein gene of SCSMV-AP, The heterologous isolates reacted similarly with the probe, The results demonstrated that the virus isolates causing mosaic disease of sugarcane in South Indian states are pathotypes of recently characterized SCSMV-AP, a new member of the proposed genus Tritimovirus of the family Potyviridae