Трансформация функционально-потоковых параллельных программ в императивные

Functional dataflow programming languages are designed to create parallel portable programs. The source code of such programs is translated into a set of graphs that reflect information and control dependencies. The main way of their execution is interpretation, which does not allow to perform calculations efficiently on real parallel computing systems and leads to poor performance. To run programs directly on existing computing systems, you need to use specific optimization and transformation methods that take into account the features of both the programming language and the architecture of the system. Currently, the most common is the Von Neumann architecture, however, parallel programming for it in most cases is carried out using imperative languages with a static type system. For different architectures of parallel computing systems, there are various approaches to writing parallel programs. The transformation of dataflow parallel programs into imperative programs allows to form a framework of imperative code fragments that directly display sequential calculations. In the future, this framework can be adapted to a specific parallel architecture. The paper considers an approach to performing this type of transformation, which consists in allocating fragments of dataflow parallel programs as templates, which are subsequently replaced by equivalent fragments of imperative languages. The proposed transformation methods allow generating program code, to which various optimizing transformations can be applied in the future, including parallelization taking into account the target architecture.Функционально-потоковая парадигма параллельного программирования ориентирована на разработку параллельных переносимых программ. Исходный код функционально-потоковых программ транслируется в набор графов, отражающих информационные и управляющие зависимости. Основным способом их исполнения является интерпретация, что не позволяет эффективно выполнять вычисления на реальных параллельных вычислительных системах и ведет к низкой производительности. Для непосредственного выполнения программ на существующих вычислительных системах требуется использование специфических методов оптимизации и трансформации, учитывающих особенности как языка программирования, так и архитектуры исполнителя. В настоящее время наиболее распространенной является архитектура Фон-Неймана, параллельное программирование для которой в большинстве случаев осуществляется с использованием языков, поддерживающих императивный стиль и ориентированных на статическую систему типов. Для различных архитектур параллельных вычислительных систем существуют разнообразные подходы к написанию параллельных программ. Трансформация функционально-потоковых параллельных программ в императивные позволяет сформировать общий каркас из фрагментов императивного кода, непосредственно отображающих последовательные вычисления, который в дальнейшем может быть адаптирован к конкретной параллельной архитектуре. В работе рассматривается подход к выполнению такого типа трансформации, заключающийся в выделении фрагментов функционально-потоковых параллельных программ в качестве шаблонов, заменяемых впоследствии на эквивалентные фрагменты императивных языков. Предлагаемые методы трансформации позволяют порождать программный код, к которому в дальнейшем можно применять различные оптимизирующие преобразования, включая распараллеливание с учетом целевой архитектуры

Efficiency of Finding Muon Track Trigger Primitives in CMS Cathode Strip Chambers

In the CMS Experiment, muon detection in the forward direction is accomplished by cathode strip chambers~(CSC). These detectors identify muons, provide a fast muon trigger, and give a precise measurement of the muon trajectory. There are 468 six-plane CSCs in the system. The efficiency of finding muon trigger primitives (muon track segments) was studied using~36 CMS CSCs and cosmic ray muons during the Magnet Test and Cosmic Challenge~(MTCC) exercise conducted by the~CMS experiment in~2006. In contrast to earlier studies that used muon beams to illuminate a very small chamber area ($< \! 0.01$~m$^2$), results presented in this paper were obtained by many installed CSCs operating {\em in situ} over an area of $\approx \! 23$~m$^2$ as a part of the~CMS experiment. The efficiency of finding 2-dimensional trigger primitives within 6-layer chambers was found to be~$99.93 \pm 0.03\%$. These segments, found by the CSC electronics within $800$~ns after the passing of a muon through the chambers, are the input information for the Level-1 muon trigger and, also, are a necessary condition for chambers to be read out by the Data Acquisition System

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Objective Mark of Mining Production Quality Fluctuation

There is a consideration of mining production mass lots, which give representative tests from quality function and it’s fluctuations; the optimal mass lot was founded.Рассмотрено влияние масс партий горной продукции, от которых берутся представительные пробы, на найденную по ним функцию качества и ее колебания; найдена оптимальная масса такой партии

Objective Mark of Mining Production Quality Fluctuation

There is a consideration of mining production mass lots, which give representative tests from quality function and it’s fluctuations; the optimal mass lot was founded.Рассмотрено влияние масс партий горной продукции, от которых берутся представительные пробы, на найденную по ним функцию качества и ее колебания; найдена оптимальная масса такой партии

Modification of Nanocrystalline Porous Cu2-xSe Films during Argon Plasma Treatment

Cu2-xSe films were deposited on Corning glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and annealed at 300 &deg;C for 20 min under N2 gas ambient. The films had a thickness of 850&ndash;870 nm and a chemical composition of Cu1.75Se. The initial structure of the films was nanocrystalline with a complex architecture and pores. The investigated films were plasma treated with RF (13.56 MHz) high-density low-pressure inductively coupled argon plasma. The plasma treatment was conducted at average ion energies of 25 and 200 eV for durations of 30, 60, and 90 s. Notably, changes are evident in the surface morphology, and the chemical composition of the films changed from x = 0.25 to x = 0.10 to x = 0.00, respectively, after plasma treatment at average ion energies of 25 and 200 eV, respectively

Modification of Nanocrystalline Porous Cu_2-xSe Films during Argon Plasma Treatment

Cu2-xSe films were deposited on Corning glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and annealed at 300 °C for 20 min under N2 gas ambient. The films had a thickness of 850–870 nm and a chemical composition of Cu1.75Se. The initial structure of the films was nanocrystalline with a complex architecture and pores. The investigated films were plasma treated with RF (13.56 MHz) high-density low-pressure inductively coupled argon plasma. The plasma treatment was conducted at average ion energies of 25 and 200 eV for durations of 30, 60, and 90 s. Notably, changes are evident in the surface morphology, and the chemical composition of the films changed from x = 0.25 to x = 0.10 to x = 0.00, respectively, after plasma treatment at average ion energies of 25 and 200 eV, respectively

Operation Capacity of Polymeric Sorbates

Рассматриваются сравнительные характеристики сорбирующих свойств полимерных сорбентов для очистки сельскохозяйственных земель, под водой и на поверхности воды при утечке нефтепродуктов и нефти. Показано, что сорбент Unipolymer-М (униполимер - М) оказывает значительное положительное влияние на рост микроорганизмов, участвующих в очистке загрязненных нефтью почв при условии стимуляции этих микробов с добавлением биогенных элементов, чтобы сбалансировать их рацион питания.The comparative characteristics of sorbing capacity of polymer sorbents (sorbates) for purification of agricultural soils, subsurface and water surface under leakage of petroleum products and oil are considered. It was shown that sorbent Unipolymer-M exerted a significant positive influence on the growth of microorganisms participating in purification of oil contaminated soil under the condition of stimulation of these microbes with additions of biogenic elements to balance their nutrition

Operation Capacity of Polymeric Sorbates

Рассматриваются сравнительные характеристики сорбирующих свойств полимерных сорбентов для очистки сельскохозяйственных земель, под водой и на поверхности воды при утечке нефтепродуктов и нефти. Показано, что сорбент Unipolymer-М (униполимер - М) оказывает значительное положительное влияние на рост микроорганизмов, участвующих в очистке загрязненных нефтью почв при условии стимуляции этих микробов с добавлением биогенных элементов, чтобы сбалансировать их рацион питания.The comparative characteristics of sorbing capacity of polymer sorbents (sorbates) for purification of agricultural soils, subsurface and water surface under leakage of petroleum products and oil are considered. It was shown that sorbent Unipolymer-M exerted a significant positive influence on the growth of microorganisms participating in purification of oil contaminated soil under the condition of stimulation of these microbes with additions of biogenic elements to balance their nutrition

Electrical properties of α-Ga2O3 films grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire with α-Cr2O3 buffers

We report on growth and electrical properties of α-Ga2O3 films prepared by halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) at 500 °C on α-Cr2O3 buffers predeposited on sapphire by magnetron sputtering. The α-Cr2O3 buffers showed a wide microcathodoluminescence (MCL) peak near 350 nm corresponding to the α-Cr2O3 bandgap and a sharp MCL line near 700 nm due to the Cr+ intracenter transition. Ohmic contacts to Cr2O3 were made with both Ti/Au or Ni, producing linear current–voltage (I–V) characteristics over a wide temperature range with an activation energy of conductivity of ∼75 meV. The sign of thermoelectric power indicated p-type conductivity of the buffers. Sn-doped, 2-μm-thick α-Ga2O3 films prepared on this buffer by HVPE showed donor ionization energies of 0.2–0.25 eV, while undoped films were resistive with the Fermi level pinned at EC of 0.3 eV. The I–V and capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of Ni Schottky diodes on Sn-doped samples using a Cr2O3 buffer indicated the presence of two face-to-face junctions, one between n-Ga2O3 and p-Cr2O3, the other due to the Ni Schottky diode with n-Ga2O3. The spectral dependence of the photocurrent measured on the structure showed the presence of three major deep traps with optical ionization thresholds near 1.3, 2, and 2.8 eV. Photoinduced current transient spectroscopy spectra of the structures were dominated by deep traps with an ionization energy of 0.95 eV. These experiments suggest another pathway to obtain p–n heterojunctions in the α-Ga2O3 system