From Bentham to Guadet: ‘auditory visibility’ in nineteenth-century theories on government offices

Architectural historiography is seldom concerned with the antithetical notions of ‘noise’ and ‘silence’. In this case study, I tentatively explore the theme in the context of nineteenth-century administrative buildings. More particularly, I investigate the normative views of British and French authors concerning acoustic perception in one subtype of ‘bureaucratic’ architecture: the ministerial office building. Drawing examples from the work of, among others, ‘panopticon’ theorist Jeremy Bentham and the architect Julien Guadet, I point at the centrality of ‘sound control’ or ‘sound management’ in architectural discourses on office buildings. In the specific domain of ministerial offices, moreover, these discourses were rife with ideological views on the nature and the functioning of government itself

Trust in school: a pathway to inhibit teacher burnout?

Purpose: This paper considers trust as an important relational source in schools by exploring whether trust lowers teacher burnout. We examine how trust relationships with different school parties such as the principal relate to distinct dimensions of teacher burnout. We further analyze whether school-level trust additionally influences burnout. In doing this, we account for other teacher and school characteristics. Design: We use quantitative data gathered during the 2008-2009 school year from 673 teachers across 58 elementary schools in Flanders (i.e. the northern Dutch-speaking region of Belgium). Because teacher and school characteristics are simultaneously related to burnout, multilevel modeling is applied. Findings:. Trust can act as a buffer against teacher burnout. Teachers’ trust in students demonstrates the strongest association with burnout compared to trust in principals or colleagues. Exploring relationships of trust in distinct school parties with different burnout dimensions yield interesting additional insights such as the specific importance of teacher-principal trust for teachers’ emotional exhaustion. Burnout is further an individual teacher matter to which school-level factors are mainly unrelated. Implications: Principals fulfill an important role in inhibiting emotional exhaustion among teachers. They are advised to create a school atmosphere that is conducive for different kinds of trust relationships to develop. Actions to strengthen trust and inhibit teacher burnout are necessary, although further qualitative and longitudinal research is desirable. Originality/value: This paper offers a unique contribution by examining trust in different school parties as a relational buffer against teacher burnout. It indicates that principals can affect teacher burnout and prevent emotional exhaustion by nurturing trusting relationships in school

The social dimension of teaching: trust and teachers' efficacy beliefs

Educational research increasingly highlights teachers’ trust in other school members to support school functioning. Besides, teachers’ efficacy beliefs are considered to be crucial in their functioning. To enhance teachers’ effectiveness, an understanding of the sources of their efficacy beliefs is therefore vital. This study investigates whether teachers’ trust in students, parents, colleagues, and the principal relate differently to various facets of teachers’ efficacy beliefs. Multilevel analyses of data of 2091 teachers across a representative sample of 80 secondary schools in Flanders (Belgium) demonstrate different relationships between teachers’ trust in different reference groups at school and their sense of efficacy for instructional strategies, classroom management, and student engagement. Our results also indicate that teachers’ efficacy beliefs are not affected by characteristics of the school context, such as faculty trust. Our findings suggest that school policies that focus on trust-building could increase teacher effectiveness

Fuel injection temperature determination and effect on the injection process for different alternative fuels

The influence of the fuel temperature on injection using a pump-line-nozzle system of a medium speed diesel engine was studied for different fuels. The impact of the temperature was significant, suggesting that accurate knowledge of the injected fuel temperature is necessary in order to provide quantitative spray data. The experiments are performed in a constant volume combustion chamber with temperature control of the chamber and the injector cooling. The injector is both in contact with the chamber walls and injector cooling, resulting in a temperature gradient inside the injector. A method to correlate the fuel temperature with chamber and injector cooling temperature is proposed resulting in increased accuracy for the injected fuel temperature

Canine lymphoma: a retrospective study (2009-2010)

This study reviews the medical records of 56 dogs diagnosed with lymphoma based on the cytological and/or histological results between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2010. Most of the dogs were middle-aged to old, and were diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma (ML) (n=36). The majority of the dogs were presented in stages III to V (n=55) and substage b (n=43). A complete blood count and serum biochemistry, urinalysis, serum protein electrophoresis, thoracic radiographs and/or abdominal ultrasound were performed. The results correlated with previously described results in the literature. Therapy was initiated in 80% of the dogs (n=45). After diagnosis, the median survival time of 62% of these dogs (n=28) treated with only prednisolone was 32 days (range 3 - 224 days). For 24% of the dogs (n=11) treated with chemotherapy, the median survival time was 119 days (range 11 - 273 days). Surgical resection of the macroscopic tumor was performed in the remaining six dogs (13%). Three of these dogs received subsequent prednisolone therapy. The median survival time of these six dogs was 47 days (range 0 - 669 days). The dogs that received chemotherapy had significantly longer survival times than those treated with only prednisolone, although negative prognostic factors were present in all of the cases treated with chemotherapy