Estimation of Triticum aestivum in pasta flour: interspecific limits for sitosteryl palmitate content

Sitosteryl palmitate (SP) content of flour was shown to be not significantly affected by normal variations in milling yield. Since the distribution of fat in a wheat kernel does not follow the same pattern as does SP, it is preferable to consider SP content on the basis of DM content of the flour. A survey of 46 Triticum aestivum and 24 T. durum flours showed that the latter contained SP, but its level did not exceed 1.5 mg/100 g. T. aestivum varieties show a two-peak distribution, with the maxima at approximately 4 mg/100 g and at 12 mg/100 g, respectively. Three T. aestivum flours were within the T. durum range and three others were close to it. Limits for sitosteryl palmitate content in T. aestivum and T. durum were tentatively established at 16.5 mg/100 g and 1.5 mg/100 g respectively. Based on these limits, a method is proposed for the estimation of the minimum amount of T. Aestivum in a mixture

Il palmitato di sitosterolo nelle varie parti del chicco di grano duro e tenero

II contenuto in palmitato di sitosterolo neMa maggior parte de-lie varietá di Triticum aestivum é considerevolmente piü elevato che nel Triticum durum. Questa netta differenza permette la determinazione semi-quantitativa del T. aestivum mescolato con prodotti di T. durum, come sémola, fariña o pasta. In base a r¡cerche su varietá di T. durum ed aestivum, si é stabilito che la porzione mínima di T. aestivum in una Tniscela é fúnzione del contenuto in palmitato di sitosterolo. E' stata studiata la di'stribuzione di questo composto nei chicchi di grano per determíname I'influenza su differenti miscele e prodotti. Sonó state analizzate nove frazioni ottenute con macinazione sperimentale, insieme a chicchi interi di due varietá di T. aestivum e di una di T. durum. Sonó stati anche analizzati il germe puro ed ¡I prodotto degerminato. Per la determinazione del palmitato di sitosterolo si é anche impiegata la cromatografía su strato sotti'Ie con supporto di gel di sílice impregnato con 'nitrato di argento. Per i I germe si sonó ottentiti valori piü alti rispetto airendosperma, essendo piü basso il contenuto in palmitato nel rivestimento del seme. Considerando il rapporto relativo alie frazioni studiate ed Ü rispettivo contenuto in palmitato di sitosterolo, si puó concludere che le variazioni della resa di macinazione entro limiti normali non hanno significativa influenza sul contenuto in palmitato

Distribution of sitosteryl palmitate in the wheat grain/Pie Verteilung von Sitosterylpalmitat im Weizenkorn

Sitosteryl palmitate content of most T. aestivum varieties is considerably higher than ^hat of T. durum. This sharp difference allows the semiquantitative determination of T, aestivum products when mixed with T. durum products such as semolina, flour or macaroni. Distribution of this substance in the wheat kernel has been investigated in order to check its influence on the estimated valúes for different products and mixtures» Nine fractions obtained by experimental milling, as well as the whole kernel, have been analize<? in three T. aestivum varieties and one T. durum. Puré germ and degerminated seed obtained by hand dissection also have been analized. A thin layer enromatography method on silica gel plates impregnated with silver nitrate, as previously described by us, has been employed in the sitosteryl palmitate determinations. Somewhat higher valúes are obtained for the germ as compared with endosperm, the content of the seed coats being lower. Considering the relative proportion of each fraction studied and their sitosteryl palmiíate content it can be concluded that variations within normal limits of extraction rate have no significant influence on sitosteryl palmitate content

Milling and utilization of hexaploid triticale

Over one fourth of plant species are natural araphiploids (1). Triticale species are synthetic amphiplolds obteined by duplication of chroraosome numbor in sterile hybrids resulting frora internpecific crossee between speciea of the genus Triticum and rye (Sécale cereale). Pertinent literature concerning these synthetic speciea has boen recently reviewed by BRIGGLE (2). The first Triticale was obteined by RIMPAU in 1891 from a croas between hexaploid wheat and rye, In 1934, MÜHTZING (3) started a breeding prográmale to obtsin lines of octaploid Triticale for practical use» In 1950, SANCHEZ-MONGE atarted a similor programme to obtain triticales with 42 chromosomes and suggected that this ploidy level should be nearer the optimua than the octaploid (4, 5). In 1954, a Canndian prográmele to obtain high yield triticales v/aa initiated (6). As a result of these and other efforte, Triticale varieties are about to be released, SANCHEZ-MOITGE, at the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agronómicas in Madrid, is nultiplying the hexoploid variety "Cachirulo" for its immedla'te diffusion. Originally, this variety was intended as a substitute of rye, barley or oatB for animal feeding; and whole crop silage is quite s8tisfactory (7). However, its high yield under irrlgation has led us to reconsider its utilization as a wheat substitute. As a result of seed shriveling, triticale has a greater proportion. of peripheric endosperm and, consequently, a markedly higher protein content than wheat (20 % for triticale versus approximately 11 % for most Spanish wheets). On the other hand, seed shriveling results in lower milling yield. Improvement of triticale grain by breeding concomltantly reduces protein content

Utilización del triticale hexaploide. I. Molienda experimental

Hoy se sabe que entre un cuarto y un tercio de las especies vegetales se han formado por anfiploidia natural (1). Las especies de Triíicale son anfiploides sintéticos, formados por duplicación del número de cromosomas de los híbridos estériles que resultan al cruzar una especie del género Triticum y el centeno (Sécale cereale). La literatura referente a estas especies sintéticas ha sido revisada recientemente por Briggle (2). El primer Triíicale fue obtenido por Rimpau en 1891, a partir de un cruzamiento de trigo hexaploide por centeno. En 1934, Müntzing (3) inició un programa intensivo para el desarrollo de líneas de Triticale octaploide, con fines prácticos. En 1950, Sánchez-Monge inició un programa similar para la obtención de Triticale de 42 cromosomas y avanzó la hipótesis de que este nivel de ploidía debería ser más próximo al óptimo que el octaploide (4-5). En 1954 se inició el programa canadiense para la obtención de triticales de alto rendimiento (6)

Utilización del triticale hexaploide. II. Ensayos reológicos y panificación

Se ha investigado previamente el fraccionamiento por molienda seca del grano de Triticale hexaploide y se ha llegado a la obtención de seis fracciones con características bien definidas y distintas (1). Cuatro de estas fracciones son potencialmente útiles en panificación y de interés nutritivo por su elevado contenido en proteínas. El propósito de este trabajo ha sido estudiar el comportamiento reológico de estas fracciones individualmente y en mezcla, así como investigar los problemas que pueda presentar su uso en panificación

La calidad tecnológica de los trigos cultivados en España

En el último trimestre de 1968, comenzaron a publicarse en las Circulares Informativas del Grupo Nacional Harinero del Sindicato Nacional de Cereales, datos analfticos obtenidos sobre numerosas muestras de t r i g o , en el Laboratorio de Química y Tecnologfa de los Cereales del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agronómicas. En esta publicación, se añaden mas da tos analfticos y se ordenan por cuadro de frecuencias, por variedades y por provincias, haciendo los correspondientes comentarios

Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease

BACKGROUND: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P=0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P=0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P=0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P=0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P=0.31). CONCLUSIONS: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. Copyright © 2017 Massachusetts Medical Society