Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Gliomas and Glioblastomas

In recent years, scientific interest in the use of the ketogenic diet (KD) as a complementary approach to the standard cancer therapy has grown, in particular against those of the central nervous system (CNS). In metabolic terms, there are the following differences between healthy and neoplastic cells: neoplastic cells divert their metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), they alter the normal mitochondrial functioning, and they use mainly certain amino acids for their own metabolic needs, to gain an advantage over healthy cells and to lead to a pro-oncogenetic effect. Several works in literature speculate which are the molecular targets of KD used against cancer. The following different mechanisms of action will be explored in this review: metabolic, inflammatory, oncogenic and oncosuppressive, ROS, and epigenetic modulation. Preclinical and clinical studies on the use of KD in CNS tumors have also increased in recent years. An interesting hypothesis emerged from the studies about the possible use of a ketogenic diet as a combination therapy along with chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) for the treatment of cancer. Currently, however, clinical data are still very limited but encouraging, so we need further studies to definitively validate or disprove the role of KD in fighting against cancer

Eugenia ochracea (Myrtaceae, Myrteae), a new species from Atlantic forest of Espirito Santo, Brazil

A new species of Eugenia sect. Umbellatae (Myrtaceae, Myrteae) from the Atlantic forest of Espirito Santo, Brazil is proposed: Eugenia ochracea. It is most similar to Eugenia crassa and Eugenia barrana, and the presence mainly of floccose indumentum on leaves and lanceolate to linear bracteoles allow us to propose it as new. Comments on its distribution and habitat, conservation assessment, and other morphologically similar species are herein presented713318324CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal e Nível SuperiorCNPQ - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico001304406/2014-7; 310385/2016-

Two new species of eugenia (myrtaceae, myrteae) with fused calyx from the Atlantic coastal forest, Brazil

Two species of Eugenia from the Brazilian Atlantic coastal forest of Bahia and Espirito Santo are here described. Eugenia atlantica is most similar to E. bahiensis from which differs by its leaf blades usually larger, 80-180 x 35-70 mm, and chartaceous, inflorescence mostly axillary, flower buds with hypanthium costate to slightly costate and calyx lobes completely fused or partially fused along two thirds of the bud length. Eugenia soteriana is related with E. zuccarinii but differs mostly by the leaves with two marginal veins, inflorescence fasciculate more often recovering the vegetative growth by an auxotelic axis, bracteoles larger, 2-6 mm long, deciduous after anthesis, and flowers with larger outermost calyx lobes, 1.5-3 mm long. Descriptions, species distribution, habitat, phenology, vernacular names, illustrations, comparisons to other morphologically similar species, and conservation assessments are also provided403299110CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP302309/2018-7; 310385/2016-4; 140117/2014-8Sem informação2014/04043-9; 2016/04678-

Eugenia (Myrtaceae) from Mexico: checklist, distribution, and conservation assessments.

Myrtaceae is represented in Mexico by 10 genera and ca. 109 species mainly occurring in warmer climatic zones. Eugenia is one of the most diverse genera in Myrtaceae, with about 1,150 species, distributed from Mexico, Cuba and the Antilles to Uruguay and Argentina, with fewer representatives in Africa and Southeast Asia. This study presents a checklist of the 87 species of Eugenia that occur in Mexico as well as provides assessments of environmental threat for each species. The checklist was prepared in stages, gathering data from international databases, consulting relevant bibliography (mainly Mexican Floras), personal visits to key herbarium collections (MEXU, CICY and K), and analysis of specimen images available online. Extinction risk assessments follow the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened species version 3.1. calculating the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) parameters using the GeoCat software (Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool). Extinction risks are provided for eighty-seven species of Eugenia, including notes on species distributions. Mexican states with the highest number of species of the genus are Chiapas and Veracruz, with 48 and 31 species, respectively. Forty-six species are endemic to Mexico, which represents 53% of the total of species occurring in the country. Regarding extinction risk, from a total of 87 species, 33 species (38%) are assessed with a threatened category, with 7 Critically Endangered (CR), 14 Endangered (EN), and 12 Vulnerable (VU); 54 species are not threatened, 42 of these rated as Least Concern (LC) and 12 as Near Threatened (NT). This study reveals the degree of extinction risk that exists to native or endemic Mexican Eugenia species, and highlights the urgent need to take action to protect, conserve and monitor their populations in the wild