23 research outputs found

    Application of laser diodes and photodetectors on multiple-quantum wells at the hot-metal pyrometry

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    In the paper,the method of relative spectroreflectometry at using the infra-red photodetectors with a wide diapason of the spectral photosensitivity is suggested.Methodical errors at exponential and power dependencies of the emissivity of an object on the wavelength are analysed. Possible design of a pyrometer for measurements of temperature of hot metals is described and attractiveness of quantum-well laser diodes and superlattice photodetectors based on the GaSb compounds is discussed. Keywords: pyrometry, spectroreflectometry, near-infrared range, photodetector, laser diode, methodical erro

    Squeezed colour states in gluon jet

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    The possibility of the formation of squeezed states of gluon fields in quantum chromodynamics due to nonlinear nonperturbative self interaction during jet evolution in the process of e(+)e(-) annihilation into hadrons, which are analogous to the quantum photon squeezed states in quantum electrodynamics, is demonstrated. Additionally, the squeezing parameters are calculated

    Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„ΡƒΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ отраТСния Π½Π° основС ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-спСктромСтров C12880MA ΠΈ C11708MA Hamamatsu

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    Diffuse reflection spectroscopy with spatial resolution is a promising direction of non-destructive control of the properties of a number of scattering fine-dispersed materials, including food products. It can find wide practical application only in the presence of compact, easy-to-use and inexpensive spectrophotometric equipment. The aim of the article is to investigate the possibility of creating portable spectrophotometers based on Hamamatsu mini-spectrometers, which work together with modern computing facilities.The schematics for connecting the C12880MA and C11708MA mini-spectrometers to portable computing devices are reviewed. Shows the feasibility of using a small-sized microprocessor board ARM STM32F103C8T6 (Blue pill) on the chip STM32F103C8T6. Its use in the connection scheme has simplified data exchange with the control computer via USB interface and the formation of all the signals that are needed to control the mini-spectrometer.Two experimental samples of spectrophotometers based on C12880MA and C11708MA mini-spectrometers and STM32 microprocessors were created and their characteristics were studied. The calibration procedure and features of the software for these spectrophotometers are presented. The described features ensure the efficiency of software modification for the spectrophotometric problem to be solved. The presence of distortions of the registered spectra in the short-wave part of the spectral range of C12880MA was revealed. They arise due to focusing by the concave diffraction grating of a part of the radiation scattered by it into zero order.Approbation of developed portable spectrophotometers based on Hamamatsu mini-spectrometers indicates the possibility of their use in portable spectrophotometric equipment and devices for spectral control of optical properties of scattering materials. The described calibration technique allows you to determine the range of the spectrum, in which the distortions of the recorded spectra are minimal. The proposed solutions significantly reduce the cost of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy devices with spatial resolution and expand the possibilities of their use in various branches of science and industry.БпСктроскопия Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„ΡƒΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ отраТСния с пространствСнным Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ – пСрспСктивноС Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ контроля свойств ряда Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… мСлкодиспСрсных ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² питания. Она ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ практичСскоС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ, простой Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΉ спСктрофотомСтричСской Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ЦСль ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ – исслСдованиС возмоТности создания ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… спСктрофотомСтров Π½Π° основС ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-спСктромСтров Hamamatsu, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π² комплСксС с соврСмСнными Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ срСдствами.РассмотрСны схСмы ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-спСктромСтров C12880MA ΠΈ C11708MA ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ устройствам. Показана Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ использования ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°Π±Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ микропроцСссорной ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ARM STM32F103C8T6 (Blue pill) Π½Π° Ρ‡ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ STM32F103C8T6. Π•Ρ‘ использованиС Π² схСмС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ с ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ USB интСрфСйсу ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ всСх сигналов, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ для управлСния Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-спСктромСтра.Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π° спСктрофотомСтров Π½Π° основС ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-спСктромСтров C12880MA ΠΈ C11708MA ΠΈ микропроцСссоров STM32 ΠΈ исслСдованы ΠΈΡ… характСристики. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ особСнности ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обСспСчСния этих спСктрофотомСтров. ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ особСнности ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обСспСчСния ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡƒΡŽ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Ρƒ. ВыявлСно Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ искаТСний рСгистрируСмых спСктров Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ участкС ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° C12880MA. Они Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π·Π° счёт фокусировки Π²ΠΎΠ³Π½ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΉ части рассСиваСмого Π΅ΠΉ излучСния Π² Π½ΡƒΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ порядок.Апробация созданных ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… спСктрофотомСтров Π½Π° основС ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-спСктромСтров Hamamatsu ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… примСнСния Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ спСктрофотомСтричСской Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ устройствах ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ контроля оптичСских свойств Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². Описанная ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ позволяСт ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ спСктра, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ искаТСния рСгистрируСмых спСктров ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ сущСствСнно ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ устройств спСктроскопии Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„ΡƒΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ отраТСния с пространствСнным Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ возмоТности ΠΈΡ… использования Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… отраслях Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ производства

    ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° опрСдСлСния Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ просвСта Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… сосудов Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°

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    The study of the effects on the microvasculature of various vasoactive drugs requires appro-priate methods and equipment for determining the basic physiological parameters of small blood vessels: their internal diameter and cross-sectional area, specific density, and blood flow velocity. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to study the possibilities of improving the reliability of determining the internal diameter and cross-sectional area of the visible blood vessels of bulbar con-junctival of the eye.A technique for obtaining digital video recordings of the bulbar conjunctiva of the eye, based on the pulse illumination of the study area, is proposed. A prototype of the equipment with a spatial resolution of 2 Β΅m video is described, which allows to trace all visible blood vessels, including capillaries. An algorithm for stabilizing the position of a sequence of digital images of the bulbar conjunctiva relative to the first frame is discussed. It is based on the use of subpixel interpolation when searching for a global minimum of the standard deviation of the differences in brightness of the first and selected frame.The proposed algorithms for tracing the vascular pattern and determining the internal diameter and cross-sectional area of the blood vessels are described. An original method for calculating them is proposed, which is based on determining the area and height of a cross section of a blood vessel image. The problem of verification of the obtained results is discussed.The described approach to make it possible to create diagnostic images of the visible blood vessels of the bulbar conjunctiva, including the capillaries, with an indication of their diameters. Examples of the construction of histograms of the distribution of the internal diameter and cross-sectional area of these blood vessels are presented.The proposed technique and hardware solutions have the prospect of being used in creating equipment for complex non-invasive diagnostics of the microvasculature and monitoring the effectiveness of treating various diseases of the cardiovascular system, since the conditions of the eye blood vessels correlate with the state of the blood vessels in other organs.ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅ воздСйствия Π½Π° микроциркуляторноС русло Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сосудоактивных ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° опрСдСлСния ΠΈΡ… основных физиологичСских ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ²: Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ просвСта, ΠΈΡ… ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ плотности, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ скорости ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ°. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ – исслСдованиС возмоТностСй ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ достовСрности опрСдСлСния Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ просвСта Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… сосудов Π±ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΠ±Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡŠΡŽΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° получСния Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… видСозаписСй Π±ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΠ±Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡŠΡŽΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°, основанная Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ подсвСткС исслСдуСмого участка. Описан ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ пространствСнноС Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ видСосъСмки 2 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ позволяСт ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ всС Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Π΅ сосуды, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ΠΈ капилляры. ΠžΠ±ΡΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ стабилизации полоТСния ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΠ±Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡŠΡŽΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€Π°, основанный Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡƒΠ±ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ интСрполяции ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ поискС глобального ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΠ° срСднСквадратичСского отклонСния разностСй яркостСй ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€Π°.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌΡ‹ трассировки сосудистого рисунка ΠΈ опрСдСлСния Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ просвСта сосудов. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ способ ΠΈΡ… вычислСния, основанный Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ высоты ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сСчСния изобраТСния сосуда. ΠžΠ±ΡΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ².ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ позволяСт Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ диагностичСскиС изобраТСния Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… сосудов Π±ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΠ±Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡŠΡŽΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ΠΈ капилляры, с ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ… Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π° ΠΈ построСниСм гистограмм ΠΈΡ… распрСдСлСния ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ просвСта.Учитывая ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅Π»ΡΡ†ΠΈΡŽ состояния сосудов Π³Π»Π°Π· с состояниСм сосудов Π² Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Π°Ρ…, прСдлагаСмая ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ пСрспСктиву использования ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ создании Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ для комплСксной Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ диагностики состояния микроциркуляторного русла ΠΈ контроля эффСктивности лСчСния Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ сСрдСчно-сосудистой систСмы

    Small-Size Resonant Photoacoustic Cell of Inclined Geometry for Gas Detection

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    A photoacoustic cell intended for laser detection of trace gases is represented. The cell is adapted so as to enhance the gas-detection performance and, simultaneously, to reduce the cell size. The cell design provides an efficient cancellation of the window background (a parasite response due to absorption of laser beam in the cell windows) and acoustic isolation from the environment for an acoustic resonance of the cell. The useful photoacoustic response from a detected gas, window background and noise are analyzed in demonstration experiments as functions of the modulation frequency for a prototype cell with the internal volume ~ 0.5 cm^3. The minimal detectable absorption for the prototype is estimated to be ~ 1.2 10^{-8} cm^{-1} W Hz^{-1/2}.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

    ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ спСктроскопии Π² срСдствах Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ контроля содСрТания О2 ΠΈ БО Π² Π΄Ρ‹ΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π°Π·Π°Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΎΠ²

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    Application efficiency of various absorption laser spectroscopy methods for determination of gas component concentration in boiler smoke gases has been studied in the paper, O2 and CO absorption spectra have been analyzed, optimum absorption lines in near IR spectral range (about 0.76 Β΅m for O2 and 1.56 Β΅m for CO) have been selected and graphical dependences of intensity and half-width of the selected lines on the investigated medium temperature and pressure have been shown. Processes of monitoring CO and O2 content in boiler smoke gases while using basic laser spectroscopy methods have been simulated and measuring errors have been analyzed. It has been found out that in order to decrease methodical errors of concentration measuring it is necessary to take into account the investigated medium temperature and pressure. The paper shows that the least errors of continuous CO and O2 concentration monitoring at the presence of variations in dissipative losses have been ensured by the modified correlation method though its threshold sensitivity is less than integral and correlation ones.ИсслСдована ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ примСнСния Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² абсорбционной Π»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ спСктроскопии для опрСдСлСния ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ Π² Π΄Ρ‹ΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π°Π·Π°Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ спСктры поглощСния О2 ΠΈ БО, Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ поглощСния Π² Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ИК области спСктра (Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π΅ 0,76 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ для О2 ΠΈ 1,56 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ для БО) ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ графичСскиС зависимости интСнсивности Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ срСды ΠΈ давлСния Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉ. Π‘ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ процСссы контроля содСрТания БО ΠΈ О2 Π² Π΄Ρ‹ΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π°Π·Π°Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ использовании основных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ спСктроскопии ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ВыяснСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ для ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ мСтодичСских ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ срСды ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ наимСньшиС ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ контроля ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ БО ΠΈ О2 ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ диссипативных ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΡŒ обСспСчиваСт ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ коррСляционный ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄, хотя Π΅Π³ΠΎ пороговая Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ мСньшС, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ коррСляционного

    ΠœΠ•Π’ΠžΠ”Π« И ΠŸΠ ΠžΠ“Π ΠΠœΠœΠΠž-ΠΠŸΠŸΠΠ ΠΠ’ΠΠ«Π• БРЕДБВВА Π˜Π‘Π‘Π›Π•Π”ΠžΠ’ΠΠΠ˜Π― ΠšΠ ΠžΠ’Π•ΠΠžΠ‘ΠΠ«Π₯ Π‘ΠžΠ‘Π£Π”ΠžΠ’ И Π’ΠšΠΠΠ•Π™ ГЛАЗА Π§Π•Π›ΠžΠ’Π•ΠšΠ

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    The article provides the reader with a number of strategies to the research of blood vessels and tissues of human eye by contactless optical methods. Techniques and apparatus for measuring of geometric parameters of the blood vessels, blood flow velocity and concentrations of ocular tissues chromophores are described. The research is aimed to reveal the most effective diagnostic criteria of vascular abnormalities by means of affordable to measure indicators.ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ ряд ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ исслСдованию кровСносных сосудов ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° in vivo бСсконтактными оптичСскими ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ срСдства измСрСния гСомСтричСских ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² сосудов, скорости ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π² тканях Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°. ИсслСдования Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π° поиск Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… эффСктивных Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ получСния in vivo диагностичСских ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² сосудистых ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ

    Π‘Π’Π•Π’ΠžΠ”Π˜ΠžΠ”ΠΠ«Π• И ЛАЗЕРНЫЕ Π“ΠΠ—ΠžΠΠΠΠ›Π˜Π—ΠΠ’ΠžΠ Π« Π”Π›Π― ΠŸΠžΠ’Π«Π¨Π•ΠΠ˜Π― Π­Π€Π€Π•ΠšΠ’Π˜Π’ΠΠžΠ‘Π’Π˜ Π‘Π–Π˜Π“ΠΠΠ˜Π― Π’ΠžΠŸΠ›Π˜Π’Π Π’ Π’Π•ΠŸΠ›ΠžΠ­ΠΠ•Π Π“Π•Π’Π˜ΠšΠ•

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    The paper contains estimation of threshold sensitivity of correlation measuring methods in light-emitting diode and laser devices for continuous control of boiler smoke gas composition. Proposals are given to eliminate influence of dissipation losses and instability of optic and electronic path parameters on the results of control process. It is shown that application of non-dispersion and modified correlation methods for measuring CO and O2 concentration and infra-red light-emitting diodes lasers make it possible to conduct continuous control of smoke gas composition. This control is made by means of smoke flow exposure without taking samples and ensuring small errors and operational reliability.Β ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° пороговая Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ коррСляционных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² свСтодиодных ΠΈ Π»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… срСдствах Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ контроля состава Π΄Ρ‹ΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ устранСния влияния диссипативных ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΡŒ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-элСктронного Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π° Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ контроля. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ нСдиспСрсионного ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ коррСляционных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ CO ΠΈ O2 ΠΈ инфракрасных свСтодиодов ΠΈ Π»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² позволяСт вСсти Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ состава Π΄Ρ‹ΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ просвСчивания Π΄Ρ‹ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ°, Ρ‚. Π΅. Π±Π΅Π· Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±, обСспСчивая ΠΌΠ°Π»Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡƒΠ°Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ

    Technique for Measuring the Internal Diameter and Area of Visible Vessels of the Eye

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    The study of the effects on the microvasculature of various vasoactive drugs requires appro-priate methods and equipment for determining the basic physiological parameters of small blood vessels: their internal diameter and cross-sectional area, specific density, and blood flow velocity. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to study the possibilities of improving the reliability of determining the internal diameter and cross-sectional area of the visible blood vessels of bulbar con-junctival of the eye.A technique for obtaining digital video recordings of the bulbar conjunctiva of the eye, based on the pulse illumination of the study area, is proposed. A prototype of the equipment with a spatial resolution of 2 Β΅m video is described, which allows to trace all visible blood vessels, including capillaries. An algorithm for stabilizing the position of a sequence of digital images of the bulbar conjunctiva relative to the first frame is discussed. It is based on the use of subpixel interpolation when searching for a global minimum of the standard deviation of the differences in brightness of the first and selected frame.The proposed algorithms for tracing the vascular pattern and determining the internal diameter and cross-sectional area of the blood vessels are described. An original method for calculating them is proposed, which is based on determining the area and height of a cross section of a blood vessel image. The problem of verification of the obtained results is discussed.The described approach to make it possible to create diagnostic images of the visible blood vessels of the bulbar conjunctiva, including the capillaries, with an indication of their diameters. Examples of the construction of histograms of the distribution of the internal diameter and cross-sectional area of these blood vessels are presented.The proposed technique and hardware solutions have the prospect of being used in creating equipment for complex non-invasive diagnostics of the microvasculature and monitoring the effectiveness of treating various diseases of the cardiovascular system, since the conditions of the eye blood vessels correlate with the state of the blood vessels in other organs

    Preparation and processing of digital images of vessels of the eye sclera

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    Method and apparatus for obtaining of contrasting digital images conjunctival blood vessels are described. Pulsed LED lights are used to illuminate the sclera. The applicability of the proposed approach for studying in vivo vascular response to various impacts is shown
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