New Metric Based Algorithm for Test Vector Generation in VLSI Testing

A new algorithm for test-vector-generation (TVG) for combinational circuits has been presented for testing VLSI chips. This is done by defining a suitable metric or distance, in the space of all input vectors, between a vector and a set of vectors. The test vectors are generated by suitably maximising the above distance. Two different methods of maximising the distance are suggested. Performances of the two methods for different circuits are presented and compared with the random method of TVG. It was observed that method B is superior to the other two methods. Also, method A is slightly better than method R

Effective Handover Technique in Cluster Based MANET Using Cooperative Communication

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are becoming increasingly common now a days and typical network loads considered for MANETs are increasing as applications evolve. This increases the importance of bandwidth efficiency and requirements on energy consumption delay and jitter. Coordinated channel access protocols have been shown to be well suited for MANETs under uniform load distributions. However, these protocols are not well suited for non-uniform load distributions as uncoordinated channel access protocols due to the lack of on-demand dynamic channel allocation mechanisms that exist in infrastructure based coordinated protocols. We have considered a lightweight dynamic channel allocation algorithm and a cooperative load balancing strategy that are helpful for the cluster based MANETs and an effective handover technique to improve the increased packet transmission mechanism. This helps in reduce jitter, packet delay and packet transfer speed, we use a novel handover algorithm to address this problem We present protocols that utilize these mechanisms to improve performance in terms of throughput, energy consumption and inter-packet delay variation (IPDV)

Heavy metals (Cr and Zn) induced alterations in cast production, burrowing behaviour, surface migration and macropore formation in three ecologically different earthworm species: A comparative study

Heavy metals can influence earthworm behavior and physiology which could drastically impact the soil functioning. To test this hypothesis, under laboratory conditions, the cast production and burrow systems( burrow length and patterns), macropores formed and surface migration of three ecologically different earthworm species (the epigeic Eudrilus eugeniea, aneic Lampito maurutii and the endogeic Pontoscolex corethrururs) in natural spiked soil with different concentrations of heavy metals (chromium Cr(VI) and zinc (Zn)) were performed. The amount of cast produced in all the three species varied with increasing concentrations of heavy metals which is inversely proportional to incidence of surface migration observed. Macropores formed increased significantly (P <0.05) in Zn-spiked soils and reduced significantly (P <0.05) upon chromium exposure. The burrow patterns of three earthworm species varied: E.eugeniea being an epigeic exhibited only horizontal movements which showed statistically significant (P<0.05) change in its burrow length at the lower concentration of 10 ppm Cr (VI) and 300ppm of Zn, whereas L. maurutii made more continuous, less branched and more vertical burrows and exhibited statistically significant (P <0.05) change at 10ppm of Cr. However upon Zn exposure significant (P <0.05) change was evident in 100ppm of Zn onwards. Similar pattern was also evident in P. corethrurus. Some conspicuous changes in L. maurutii and P. corethrurus burrow systems upon exposure to chromium were they made a smaller and narrower burrow system, at concentration above 20ppm of Cr and 400ppm of Zn. As a consequence, the continuity of the burrow systems made by both species was altered following heavy metal exposure which could be considered as a potential tool for evaluation of heavy metal toxicity

Effect Of Oestradiol On Mouse Vaginal Epithelium

Oestradiol which induces the proliferation of the vaginal epithelium is used in the oestrogen replacement therapy for menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. The exact onset of induced cell proliferation and recovery to the controlled level has not been reported before. Hence this study was done in ovariectomised mice and the period of cellular response to ethinyl estradiol, a semisynthetic ester (0.025mg/kg) was recorded. The vaginal epithelium was studied for histological changes and incidence of mitotic figures. The onset of proliferation started at 4h after exposure and reached its maximum at 32h and declined gradually thereafter to reach the base level at 60h

Complex free energy landscapes in biaxial nematics and role of repulsive interactions : A Wang - Landau study

General quadratic Hamiltonian models, describing interaction between crystal molecules (typically with $D_{2h}$ symmetry) take into account couplings between their uniaxial and biaxial tensors. While the attractive contributions arising from interactions between similar tensors of the participating molecules provide for eventual condensation of the respective orders at suitably low temperatures, the role of cross-coupling between unlike tensors is not fully appreciated. Our recent study with an advanced Monte Carlo technique (entropic sampling) showed clearly the increasing relevance of this cross term in determining the phase diagram, contravening in some regions of model parameter space, the predictions of mean field theory and standard Monte Carlo simulation results. In this context, we investigated the phase diagrams and the nature of the phases therein, on two trajectories in the parameter space: one is a line in the interior region of biaxial stability believed to be representative of the real systems, and the second is the extensively investigated parabolic path resulting from the London dispersion approximation. In both the cases, we find the destabilizing effect of increased cross-coupling interactions, which invariably result in the formation of local biaxial organizations inhomogeneously distributed. This manifests as a small, but unmistakable, contribution of biaxial order in the uniaxial phase.The free energy profiles computed in the present study as a function of the two dominant order parameters indicate complex landscapes, reflecting the difficulties in the ready realization of the biaxial phase in the laboratory.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figure

Review on Workplace Spirituality

The Corona Pandemic was a time to learn and grow for people and organizations all around the world.&nbsp; The organizations understood the importance of efficient and innovative management techniques. Certain organizations were in fact thriving, with customers and employees valuing the organizations. despite the lower sales and insufficiency of funds. they were ready to forfeit a discount, pay more than the actual price and share their income to pool resources for the organization. Researchers found that organizational commitment was more in such organizations. On further analysing the reviews of researchers, it was observed that organizational spirituality started from an individual, usually the leader, and quickly became the organization’s culture. There was an increase in workplace joy, health, commitment, creativity, security and a feeling of home within the organization. In this paper, we have attempted to summarize the concept of workplace spirituality from various original papers which were published on ‘Web of science’ database. The idea is to have a complete and concise understanding of the term workplace spirituality