Identifying and classifying the readability levels of Turkish texts

This study aimed to identify and classify the readability levels of Turkish texts. The sample in the Correlation Survey model included 32 Turkish instructional texts. The texts included in the sample of the study were administered to groups of 30 students, extending from the fifth class to the twelfth class. The cloze readability procedure was used in this research. Obtained data were analyzed in the SPSS program. In this research the relationship between the readability of texts and variables such as average word length, average sentence length, number of polysyllabic words, and the rate of repeated words was determined by the Pearson productmoment correlation analysis. As a result of this analysis, “the rate of repeated words” and the rate of polysyllabic words, which express the similar meanings with average word length and -.677 with the readability index, as measured by the cloze scores, were not included in the multiple regression analysis. As a result of multiple regression analysis, regression equation is: CS= 118,823 – 25, 987 x AWL - .971 x ASL According to this, one unit of change in average word length causes -25.987 unit change in readability score, and one unit of change in average sentence length causes -.971 in readability score. On the other hand, the coefficient determination of the equation was .739. Later, the averages of exact score for every class were analyzed by ANOVA test. As a result of this ANOVA test, resulting education level and cloze test scores are higher. Moreover, in order to determine the significant differences among the classes, multiple comparisons were made. According to this, there were not any significant differences among the classes 5-6-7 between the classes 8-9 and among the classes 10-11-12. Finally, as a result of the regression analysis and ANOVA tests, the conversion table was compose

Quasilocal energy and thermodynamic equilibrium conditions

Equilibrium thermodynamic laws are typically applied to horizons in general relativity without stating the conditions that bring them into equilibrium. We fill this gap by applying a new thermodynamic interpretation to a generalized Raychaudhuri equation for a worldsheet orthogonal to a closed spacelike 2-surface, the "screen", which encompasses a system of arbitrary size in nonequilibrium with its surroundings in general. In the case of spherical symmetry this enables us to identify quasilocal thermodynamic potentials directly related to standard quasilocal energy definitions. Quasilocal thermodynamic equilibrium is defined by minimizing the mean extrinsic curvature of the screen. Moreover, without any direct reference to surface gravity, we find that the system comes into quasilocal thermodynamic equilibrium when the screen is located at a generalized apparent horizon. Examples of the Schwarzschild, Friedmann-Lema\^itre and Lema\^itre-Tolman geometries are investigated and compared. Conditions for the quasilocal thermodynamic and hydrodynamic equilibrium states to coincide are also discussed, and a quasilocal virial relation is suggested as a potential application of this approach.Comment: 27 pages. v2 small typos fixed, matches published versio

Analytical solutions of the Klein-Fock-Gordon equation with the Manning-Rosen potential plus a Ring-Shaped like potential

In this work, on the condition that scalar potential is equal to vector potential, the bound state solutions of the Klein-Fock-Gordon equation of the Manning-Rosen plus ring-shaped like potential are obtained by Nikiforov-Uvarov method. The energy levels are worked out and the corresponding normalized eigenfunctions are obtained in terms of orthogonal polynomials for arbitrary $l$ states. The conclusion also contain central Manning-Rosen, central and non-central Hulth\'en potential.Comment: 14 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1210.537