DESIGN, PREPARATION, AND EVALUATION OF SELF-MICROEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF BAMBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE

Objective: The self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of bambuterol hydrochloride was designed, prepared, and evaluated to overcome the problem of poor bioavailability.Methods: The designing of the formulation included the selection of oil phase, surfactant, and cosolvent/cosurfactant based on the saturated solubility studies. Psuedoternary phase diagram was constructed using aqueous titration method, to identify the self-emulsifying region. Different ratios of the selected surfactant and cosolvent/cosurfactant (Smix) were also studied and used to construct the ternary phase diagram. The prepared formulations of the SMEDDS were evaluated for drug content, morphology, globule size, robustness to dilution, emulsification time, optical clarity, and stability.Results: The formulation containing 10 mg bambuterol hydrochloride, triacetin (12.50% w/w), Tween 80 (43.75% w/w), and ethanol (43.75% w/w) was concluded to be optimized. The optimized SMEDDS not only showed optimum globule size, zeta potential, and drug content but was also found to be robust to dilution, formed emulsion spontaneously, and was stable. The optimized SMEDDS showed increased permeability of the drug across the intestinal membrane in ex vivo studies.Conclusion: The results suggest that bambuterol hydrochloride can be formulated as self-microemulsifying drug delivery system, and further, SMEDDS can be used to improve the oral bioavailability of bambuterol hydrochloride

EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF FRUITS OF WITHAHNIA COAGULANS IN STREPTOZOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

In past there have been many medicinal plants, which have been used in traditional medicines for their antihyperglycemic properties without any scientific support and pharmacological evidence. The aqueous extract of Withania coagulans dunal fruit has been taken to evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The plant is known as ‘the cheese maker’ or ‘vegetable rennet’ because fruits and leaves of the plant are used as a coagulant. The milk coagulating property of the fruit is attributed to the pulp and husk berries which posses an enzyme which has milk coagulating activity an antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extract has not been yet done, as no such reports are available in the literature through the activity is reported. The scientific evaluation of its antihyperglycemic activity was, therefore, explored and also compared with the effect of a standard hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide. A single oral administration of variable dose levels (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b.wt) of aqueous extract led to lowering of blood glucose level in normal as well as in diabetic rats. In acute treatment maximum % reduction in glucose level (57.02%) was seen with 300mg/kg b.wt WCD at 6 hr while with standard drug maximum % reduction (62.25%) at 6 hr was found. In subacute study the maximum % reduction in blood glucose level was found (57.22%) with WCD aq. extract in dose 300 mg/kg b.wt which is slightly lesser then the % reduction seen with standard drug (64.52%) respectively. Both the doses 100 & 200 mg/kg b.wt of WCD showed significant effect (p<.05) at 4 hr and highly significant (p<0.01) at 6 hr while in chronic treatment both the doses showed significant reduction in blood glucose from 14th day to 28th days. The findings from this study suggest that the aqueous extract of these fruits may be prescribed as adjunct to dietary therapy and drug treatment for controlling diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Withania coagulans, Antihyperglycemic activity, Diabetes mellitus; Streptozotoci

Aqueous extract of Geniosporum prostratum (L)Benth plant and its role in reducing oxidative stress in STZinduced diabetic rats

To evaluate aqueous extract of Geniosporum prostratum (L) Beanth in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneally (i.p) streptozotocin (60mg/kg)adult male albino wister rats (8 weeks), weighing 200 to 250 g. Blood glucose levels were determined after oral administration of G. Prostratum (200 mg/kg) in diabetic groups. At the end of 21 daysafter daily oraladministration of aqueous extract of G.Prostratum(100 &200 mg/kg) and standard drug (600 μg/kg) in diabetic rats, rats were autopsized and liver was removed. The effect of extracts of G. Prostratumon antioxidant like catalase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidase and glutathione were estimated in the diabetic and non-diabetic rats. There was significant increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase, liver peroxidase and glutathione in extracts treated diabetic rats. These results indicate that G. Prostratumreduce anoxidative stress in diabetic rats

An infeasible interior-point technique to generate the nondominated set for multiobjective optimization problems

In this paper, an infeasible interior-point technique is proposed to generate the nondominated set of nonlinear multi-objective optimization problems with the help of the direction-based cone method. We derive the proposed method for both convex and nonconvex problems. In order to solve the parametric optimization problems of the cone method, the infeasible interior-point method starts with an initial iterate outside the feasible region, and then gradually reduces the primal and dual infeasibility measures and the objective function value across the iterations with the help of a merit function. Estimates of the reduction of primal and dual infeasibility parameters per iteration are given. The convergence analysis of the method and an estimate of the number of iterations to reach an  ϵ -precise solution are also provided. We provide the performance of the proposed methods on a variety of convex and nonconvex multi-objective test problems. Performance comparison between the proposed method and popular existing solvers is provided with respect to two performance measures and the corresponding relative efficiency measures. The reduction of a combined infeasibility measure, as the iterations progress, on the test problems is also shown graphically