Mini-review on the efficacy of aquatic macrophytes as mosquito larvicide

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease, which is endemic in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Vector control is the current strategy used for the eradication and elimination of malaria in these countries, but this control method has not proven to be effective, as malaria continues its increasing trend. Although chemical larvicide can also be used to eradicate the malaria vector at the larval stage, preventing the growth of mosquitoes into hematophagous adults, the continuous use of chemical insecticides leads to environmental pollution. It is therefore of paramount importance to identify effective, low-cost, biodegradable and environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides for the control of mosquito larvae.This mini-review aims to assess the present and future of the use of macrophytes as a mosquito larvicide. We critically analyze the trend of malaria cases in sub-Saharan Africa and evaluate why botanical larvicides may contribute to the eradication of malaria in the region. The ecological role of macrophytes in the aquatic environment and their potential as botanical larvicide are explained in detail. The study illustrates that the macrophytes Azolla pinnata, Pistia stratiotes, Eicchornia crassipes, Phragmites australis, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea lotus, Typha latifolia and Leucas martinicensis have been effectively used as larvicides against mosquito larvae. It is recommended that additional work be done to purify the biologically active components that are responsible for the larvicidal activity of these macrophytes, and future research should assess the potential of other macrophytes for effective utilization as larvicides

Convectional and Advanced Method of Industrial Waste Treatment

<p>The world increase in population has lead to an increase in industrial activities that has added so much load to aquatic bodies thereby increasing the risk on both aquatic organisms and we humans in general. Technology, particularly in terms of performance and available waste-water treatment options, has developed in parallel with economic growth. However, technology cannot be expected to solve each pollution problem. Typically, a wastewater treatment plant transfers 1 m3 of wastewater into 1-2 litres of concentrated sludge. Wastewater treatment systems are generally capital-intensive and require expensive, specialised operators. Therefore, before selecting and investing in wastewater treatment technology it is always preferable to investigate whether pollution can be minimised or prevented. For any pollution control initiative an analysis of cost-effectiveness needs to be made and compared with all conceivable alternatives. This chapter aims to show convectional method of treatment as a good option to remediate waste water from industries. </p

Water Pollution Arising From Chemical Industry: A Review

<p>This chapter focuses on the contribution of chemical industries in water pollution. Since water pollution have become a global reality and caught the attention of the society due to increasing population and adoption of industrial based life style. Topics such as Sources of Pollution, Types of water Pollution, Ecological Characteristic of Chemicals and some Case Study studies of some Nigeria Rivers were used to make a contributing conclusion.</p

The Contribution of Chemical Industries to Air Pollution: A Concise Review

<p>The phenomenon of air pollution involves a sequence of events: the generation of pollutants, their release from a source, their transport and transformation, removal from the atmosphere; and their effects on human beings, materials, and ecosystems.  EPA has established national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for six of the most common air pollutants—carbon monoxide, lead, ground-level ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide—known as “criteria” air pollutants (or simply “criteria pollutants”). The presence of these pollutants in ambient air is generally due to numerous diverse and widespread sources of emissions. The primary NAAQS are set to protect public health. EPA also sets secondary NAAQS to protect public welfare from adverse effects of criteria pollutants, including protection against visibility impairment, or damage to animals, crops, vegetation, or buildings. Because it is generally either economically infeasible or technically impossible to design processes for absolutely zero emissions of air pollutants, we seek to control the emissions to a level such that effects are either nonexistent or minimized. This review thereby pictures the role of chemical industries to air pollution.</p

The Role of Green Coagulants in Wastewater Treatment: A Review

This chapter shows the role of natural green coagulant in the remediation of wastewate

Phytoremediation of Landfill Leachates Using Pistia Stratiotes: A Case Study"

<div><br></div><div>The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Pistia stratiotes in the phytoremediation of leachates collected from Kinkinau landfill. The physiochemical characteristics of the leachates were determined before and after the treatment. The experiment lasted for three weeks and was repeated for about six times the rate of the mean reduction was recorded. The highest rate of mean reduction was for heavy metals. Other physico-chemical parameters were drastically reduced. Pistia stratiotes is a suitable candidate for effective phytoremediation of water from Landfill leachates.</div><div><br></div

Microalgae Biomass Modelling and Optimisation for Sustainable Biotechnology – A Concise Review

The autotrophic forms of microalgae are referred to as "efficient biological factories", because they play a significant role in CO2 removal from the atmosphere by utilizing it for the process of photosynthesis. The industrial application of microalgae biomass includes the production of cosmetics, health products, fertilisers, biofuel, feeds, and food. Microalgae biomass is also an important tool used in the treatment of wastewater. The current review is aimed at reviewing the progress and prospects of microalgae resource modelling and optimisation as a tool for sustainable biotechnology. The mechanism of biomass production by microalgae tends to vary according to whether the microalgae are autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic organisms. In the current study, the modelling and optimisation of microalgae biomass production were discussed, as well as the modelling of CO2 sequestration, light intensity, nutrients, and photobioreactor. The role of microalgal biomass production in attaining sustainable biotechnology has also been extensively studied. Microalgae are an emerging tool used in the phycoremediation of wastewater and reduction of high CO2 level. The modelling and optimisation of microalgae biomass production will help to upscale the production of the microalgal based fuel and bioproducts from model scale to the money-making level