LANGUAE CALQUES: TYPOLOGY AND THERMINOLOGY

Kalk se promatra kao jedan od oblika jezičnoga posuđivanja. Iako se autori slažu u određivanju samoga pojma, nesuglasja se javljaju u definiranju tipova i podtipova i u svezi s time očituju se razilaženja u kalkološkoj nomenklaturi. U ovome se prilogu prezentira tipologija i terminologija kalkova kao odraz različitih pristupa toj problematici u razvoju lingvistike jezičnih dodira. Na kraju se predlaže moguća klasifikacija u šire kategorije prema jezičnim razinima na kojima se kalkira i njihova daljnja raščlamba na podtipove. Konačno se definira svaki podtip i ilustrira leksemima iz hrvatskoga jezika kalkiranim prema predlošcima različite provenijencije.Calque is a form of language borrowing. Although the autors generally agree on the definition of the term itself, there seems to be some disagreement as regards the definition of its types and subtypes, resulting in differences in its nomenclature. The paper presents a calque typology and terminology which reflects the verious approaches to the subject in the development of the linguistics of languages in contact. It also proposes a possible classification into broader categories according to the linguistic level on which calques are made, as well as their further division. Finally, each subtype is defined and illustrated by Croatian lexemes calqued according to the models of different origin

COMPREHENSION AND STYLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CALQUES

U radu se obrađuju čimbenici semantičke razumljivosti kalkova. Visoki stupanj razumljivosti i opća prihvaćenost kalkova pretpostavka je za stilsku raslojenost tih izraza. Stilska se svojstva kalkova promatraju s gledišta pripadnosti kalka pojedinom funkcionalnom stilu hrvatskoga standardnog jezika, s gledišta prijelaza kalka iz jednoga funkcionalnog stila u drugi i s gledišta stilske obilježenosti, odnosno neobilježenosti.This paper discusses the factors which affect the semantic understanding of calques. High understanding and widespread acceptance of calques contribute to the stylistic stratification of these expressions. Three stylistic characteristics of calques are examined: first, their relation to functional styles of standard Croatian; second, their transfer from one functional style to another; third, their stylistic markedness

Semantic loans as a kind of translation loans

U ovome se prilogu određuju semantičke posuđenice kao oblik prevedenica u kojima se pod utjecajem nekoga stranog jezika postojećem označitelju pridružuje novo označeno. Pozornost se posvećuje samome pojmu, problemu i kriterijima identifikacije, pitanju jezika uzora i jezika posrednika, vrstama semantičkih posuđenica, semantičkim odnosima izazvanim semantičkim posuđivanjem, odnosu semantičke posuđenice prema drugim tipovima prevedenica, a u vezi s time problematizira se preciznost tradicionalnoga naziva toga tipa prevedenica.The paper defines semantic loans as a kind of translation loans in which, under the influence of a foreign language, the existing signifier is given a new signified. The author describes the concept of semantic loan itself and the criteria for its identification, together with the model language and the media tor language, various kinds of semantic loans, semantic relations resulting from semantic borrowings and the relation between semantic loans and other types of translation loans, and consequently questions the accuracy of the traditional term for this type of translation loans

ANMERKUNGEN ZUR HERKUNFT DER PHRASEME

U ovome se radu govori o podrijetlu frazema u hrvatskome jeziku. Iako su frazemi specifični za svaki pojedini jezik, postoje i zajednički, općeeuropski frazemi koji se u hrvatskom jeziku javljaju u prevedenom i neprevedenom obliku. Posebna se pažnja posvećuje kalkiranim frazemima, njihovom značenju i strukturi, te mogućim utjecajima i posrednicima.In diesem Beitrag wird über die Herkunft der Phraseme im Kroatischen gesprochen. Obwohl Phraseme spezifisch für jede einzelne Sprache sind, gibt es gemeinsame, europäische Phraseme, die im Kroatischen in übersetzter oder nicht-übersetzter Form vorkommen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird den Lehnübersetzungen geschenkt, ihrer Bedeuntung und Struktur, so wie den möglichen Einflüssen und Vermittlungen

INHERENTNA DISTINKTIVNA OBILJEŽJA I DISTRIBUCIJA FONEMA U HRVATSKOME JEZIKU

Fonemi su svežnjevi inherentnih distinktivnih obilježja koji uvjetuju fonemsku diferencijaciju. Inherentna distinktivna obilježja ne funkcioniraju izolirano, nego u međusobnim odnosima. U prilogu se problematizira odnos: inherentna distinktivna obilježja i kompatibilnost fonema te njihov odnos prema valentnosti pojedinog fonema. S gledišta kompatibilnosti fonema zaključuje se da inherentna distinktivna obilježja mogu biti kompatibilna, inkompatibilna i tolerantna. Kompatibilna obilježja omogućuju kombinacije fonema koji međusobno oponiraju po nekoj od opreka (npr. vokalnost, konsonantnost, stridentnost itd.). Inkompatibilna obilježja isključuju kombinacije fonema (npr. vokalnost, kompaktnost, gravisnost itd.). Tolerantna obilježja dopuštaju udruživanje fonema, ali su takvi spojevi marginalni u jeziku.Njihova krajnost upućuje na strani utjecaj ili morfonološku prinudu. Redundantna svojstva omogućuju povezivanje fonema (npr. difuznost, nazalnost itd.). S gledišta valentnosti pojedinih fonema utvrđeno je da u hrvatskome standardnom jeziku prevladavaju kombinacije fonema koje ne počivaju ni na prevelikom ni na premalom broju binarnih izbora. Mali se broj binarnih izbora protivi kontrastnome načelu, a veliki ekonomičnosti u jeziku

CROATIAN TRANSLATION EQIVALENTS FOR THE TERMINOLOGY IN PARČIĆ\u27S DICTIONARIES

U članku se utvrđuju tipovi prijevodnih ekvivalenata i inačica stručnog nazivlja u Parčićevim rječnicima i uspoređuju s jednakovrijednicama zabilježenim u dvojezičnim i višejezičnim rječnicima Parčićevih prethodnika i suvremenika. Tumači se Parčićev postupak u kalkiranju i utvrđuje status prevedenica u suvremenome hrvatskom standardnom jeziku.The paper presents the types of translatation equivalents and varants of the technical terminology found i Parčićs dictionaries and compares them to their equivalents found in bilingual and multilingual dictionaries of Parčić\u27s predecessors or contemporaries. Parčić\u27s procedure of calque-formation is explained and the status of translation forms in the current Croatian standard usage assessed

Grafija i ortografija u prvoj ˝riječkoj˝ knjizi ˝Brašno duhovno

At the first part of this article, finding out relations between phonetic (phonemic) and graphic (graphemic) aspects of language in Nikola Hermon\u27s book »Brašno duhovno« (The Spiritual Flour) printed in 1693, the authoress wri¬tes about specific graphical decisions; using that method she finds out relation graphic (graphemic) / phonetic (phonemic) and presents the function of graphic system. This article, on the other hand, wants to show us that graphic system, systematization and function of graphic decisions and methods, especially abo¬ut problem of inconsequence and arbitrary in graphic decisions of ancient textes

SEMANTIC LOANS IN THE CROATIAN LANGUAGE

Despite the fact that in understanding semantic loan words in theory of language caiques there are no significant aberations, and that notional determination can mean that they are one type of loan translations, in which for something marked new, under the influence of a foreign language, the marker from the lexeme inventory of the language borrowed is taken; to deal with the problems is very complex and opens new questions. Semantic loans due to the very same exspression with already confirmed native or loan words are more difficult to be identified than loans and other loan translation types. Except for usual proceedings and criteria necessary in identifying loan translations, as are content identities and forming model concordances, to semantic loan words it is necessary to take into consideration social and historical options when borowing models. The paper deals with some cognitions on semantic loan words in the Croatian language, especially in the terminology of particular fields of specialization with regard to the time of their origin, and in consideration of the model language, that is, the language mediator, similar solutions in other European languages are quoted in the paper. Semantic loans then are being analyzed from the point of view of their content and formal construction, and the changes that they have provoked in the Croatian languages are being established

PHONETICS, PHONOLOGY AND MORPHONOLOGY (THEORETICAL VIEW)

U članku se raščlanjuje odnos razina jezičnog izraza, jedinica i njihovih realizacija te odgovarajućih lingvističkih disciplina.It is the purpose of the article to analyse the relation existing between the levels of language expression, units and their realizations and the corresponding linguistic disciplines