Self-deploying boom

Development and operation of metal ribbon which acts like self deploying boom are described. Metal ribbon is retained on two rollers for storage and extends into nonretractable tubular structure upon release. Illustration of equipment is provided

Anthelmintic Resistance in Sheep Across Ireland and the UK: a literature review of the in vivo versus in vitro methods

Background: The animal welfare and production consequences of gastrointestinal nematode infections, namely Nematodirus battus, on sheep are compelling. The control of gastrointestinal infections has been heavily reliant on the administration of anthelmintics since their introduction into mainstream use in 1960. However, their frequent and often excessive use has resulted in anthelmintic resistance being reported extensively in several gastrointestinal nematode species. The prevalence of anthelmintic resistance as well as the increase in the number of cases of multiple-drug resistance in nematode populations now poses substantial hindrance on the viability of sheep production systems. However, despite the threat N. battus poses to the sustainability of sheep farming, there are very few publications on this nematode. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of N. battus in sheep across Ireland and the United Kingdom between the years 2011 and 2021. Relevant studies were reviewed from the literature to identify N. battus resistance to the benzimidazole and macrocyclic lactone anthelmintic groups and to assess anthelmintic efficacy using in vivo and in vitro methods. Preliminary data was also gathered from the distribution of a survey to identify the perceived efficacy of anthelmintic treatments and the management factors that may be contributing to anthelmintic resistance. The dissemination of the survey was primarily shared via social media platforms. Results: The results obtained from the literature highlighted variation in the epidemiology of N. battus. Although the historically proposed lifecycle which occurs during the spring period is prevalent across Ireland and the UK, clinical nematodirosis in autumn is becoming more frequent. Resistance to a number of the broad-spectrum anthelmintics was identified in 60% (n=10) of the publications from the UK, with the benzimidazoles being reported as the least effective. The assessment of anthelmintic efficacy highlighted that there is a lack of effectiveness and sensitivity in the in vivo and in vitro methods that are readily applied in field conditions. From the 134 responses obtained from the survey, a number of concerns were raised with management practices. It was concluded that many flock owners have become complacent with incorrect dosing and a lack of calibrating of dosing equipment, as seen in 69% and 63% respectively. In addition, the prevalence of N. battus is becoming more evident on farms across Ireland and the UK, with 62% of farms having an outbreak of N. battus infection on the farm within the last five years. Although many of these respondents identified clinical signs in lambs during the predicted spring period, a number of respondents (6.7%) proposed that infection occurred during the autumn period, which concurred with previous findings. Conclusion: The extensive use of anthelmintics on sheep production systems has led to the rapid progression of anthelmintic resistance across Ireland and the UK, particularly to the broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Without the use of effective and reliable testing methods and the implementation of stringent monitoring strategies, the fight against anthelmintic resistance will be a losing battle. It is critical that there is more emphasis on the need for improving worming strategies on sheep farms. Without effective worm control and a resistance management flock plan, animal health and anthelmintic efficacy will continue to deteriorate. Keywords: Gastrointestinal nematodes, anthelmintic resistance, Nematodirus battus, multiple-drug resistance, sheep, sustainability, prevalence, epidemiology, Ireland, United Kingdom, in vivo, in vitro

Letter to Sonora Dodd from J. P. Tumulty, May 14, 1918

Letter to Sonora Dodd from J. P. Tumulty, with envelope. Joseph P. Tumulty served as Secretary to Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, from 1911 until 1921.https://digitalcommons.whitworth.edu/fathers-day-correspondence/1033/thumbnail.jp

Rocky Relations: Protests, Nationalism, and Possible Conflict Amid the Diaoyu Islands Dispute

2013 Recipient of the Library Award for Undergraduate ResearchIs the Senkaku/Diaoyu Island dispute between China and Japan likely to escalate in the future? This paper argues that although relations between the two Asian nations are likely to remain tense in the dispute, China is unlikely to use military force over the islands in the near future

Modeling Expressing on Demonstrating

We can increase our understanding of expression by considering an analogy to demonstrative reference. The connections between a demonstrative phrase and its referent, in a case of fully successful communication with that phrase, are analogous to the connections between an expressible state and the behavior that expresses it. The connections in each case serve to maintain a certain status for the connected elements: as actions of persons; or as objects, events, or states significant to persons. The analogy to demonstrative reference helps show that a positive account of expression can make conceptual connections between expressed states and expressive behaviors without courting reductive behaviorism. A general account of expression as marked by these connections is compared to accounts of expression offered by Dorit Bar-On and Mitchell Green. Bar-On’s account turns out to be compatible with the account proposed here, once some of its consequences are fully appreciated. Green’s account rules out, as not expressive, some behaviors like crouching that intuitively seem expressive. When Green’s account is altered to allow such behaviors back in, the resulting account also fits the one proposed