5,010 research outputs found
Analytical investigation of magnetic field distributions around superconducting strips on ferromagnetic substrates
The complex-field approach is developed to derive analytical expressions of
the magnetic field distributions around superconducting strips on ferromagnetic
substrates (SC/FM strips). We consider the ferromagnetic substrates as ideal
soft magnets with an infinite magnetic permeability, neglecting the
ferromagnetic hysteresis. On the basis of the critical state model for a
superconducting strip, the ac susceptibility of a SC/FM
strip exposed to a perpendicular ac magnetic field is theoretically
investigated, and the results are compared with those for superconducting
strips on nonmagnetic substrates (SC/NM strips). The real part for
(where is the amplitude of the ac magnetic field,
is the critical current density, and is the thickness of the
superconducting strip) of a SC/FM strip is 3/4 of that of a SC/NM strip. The
imaginary part (or ac loss ) for of a SC/FM
strip is larger than that of a SC/NM strip, even when the ferromagnetic
hysteresis is neglected, and this enhancement of (or ) is due to
the edge effect of the ferromagnetic substrate.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of high-quality InSb on InP and GaAs substrates
Epitaxial layers of InSb were grown on InP and GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The dependence of the epilayer quality on flux ratio, J sub Sb4/J sub In, was studied. Deviation from an optimum value of J sub Sb4/J sub In (approx. 2) during growth led to deterioration in the surface morphology and the electrical and crystalline qualities of the films. Room temperature electron mobilities as high as 70,000 and 53,000 sq cm /V-s were measured in InSb layers grown on InP and GaAs substrates, respectively. Unlike the previous results, the conductivity in these films is n-type even at T = 13 K, and no degradation of the electron mobility due to the high density of dislocations was observed. The measured electron mobilities (and carrier concentrations) at 77 K in InSb layers grown on InP and GaAs substrates are 110,000 sq cm/V-s (3 x 10(15) cm(-3)) and 55,000 sq cm/V-s (4.95 x 10(15) cm(-3)), respectively, suggesting their application to electronic devices at cryogenic temperatures
Formation of Protoplanets from Massive Planetesimals in Binary Systems
More than half of stars reside in binary or multiple star systems and many
planets have been found in binary systems. From theoretical point of view,
however, whether or not the planetary formation proceeds in a binary system is
a very complex problem, because secular perturbation from the companion star
can easily stir up the eccentricity of the planetesimals and cause
high-velocity, destructive collisions between planetesimals. Early stage of
planetary formation process in binary systems has been studied by restricted
three-body approach with gas drag and it is commonly accepted that accretion of
planetesimals can proceed due to orbital phasing by gas drag. However, the gas
drag becomes less effective as the planetesimals become massive. Therefore it
is still uncertain whether the collision velocity remains small and planetary
accretion can proceed, once the planetesimals become massive. We performed {\it
N}-body simulations of planetary formation in binary systems starting from
massive planetesimals whose size is about 100-500 km. We found that the
eccentricity vectors of planetesimals quickly converge to the forced
eccentricity due to the coupling of the perturbation of the companion and the
mutual interaction of planetesimals if the initial disk model is sufficiently
wide in radial distribution. This convergence decreases the collision velocity
and as a result accretion can proceed much in the same way as in isolated
systems. The basic processes of the planetary formation, such as runaway growth
and oligarchic growth and final configuration of the protoplanets are
essentially the same in binary systems and single star systems, at least in the
late stage where the effect of gas drag is small.Comment: 26pages, 11 figures. ApJ accepte
The \u3cem\u3edapE\u3c/em\u3e-encoded \u3cem\u3eN\u3c/em\u3e-Succinyl-l,l-Diaminopimelic Acid Desuccinylase from \u3cem\u3eHaemophilus influenzae\u3c/em\u3e Is a Dinuclear Metallohydrolase
The Zn K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra, of the dapE-encoded N-succinyl-l,l-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase (DapE) from Haemophilus influenzae have been recorded in the presence of one or two equivalents of Zn(II) (i.e. [Zn_(DapE)] and [ZnZn(DapE)]). The Fourier transforms of the Zn EXAFS are dominated by a peak at ca. 2.0 Ã…, which can be fit for both [Zn_(DapE)] and [ZnZn(DapE)], assuming ca. 5 (N,O) scatterers at 1.96 and 1.98 Ã…, respectively. A second-shell feature at ca. 3.34 Ã… appears in the [ZnZn(DapE)] EXAFS spectrum but is significantly diminished in [Zn_(DapE)]. These data show that DapE contains a dinuclear Zn(II) active site. Since no X-ray crystallographic data are available for any DapE enzyme, these data provide the first glimpse at the active site of DapE enzymes. In addition, the EXAFS data for DapE incubated with two competitive inhibitors, 2-carboxyethylphosphonic acid and 5-mercaptopentanoic acid, are also presented
Fighting Antibiotic Resistance: The \u3cem\u3edapE\u3c/em\u3e-encoded N-succinyl-L, L-Diaminopimelic Acid Desuccinylase from \u3cem\u3eHaemophilus influenzae\u3c/em\u3e in a Dinuclear Metallohydrolase
Can we distinguish between black holes and wormholes by their Einstein-ring systems?
For the last decade, the gravitational lensing in the strong gravitational
field has been studied eagerly. It is well known that, for the lensing by a
black hole, infinite number of Einstein rings are formed by the light rays
which wind around the black hole nearly on the photon sphere, which are called
relativistic Einstein rings. This is also the case for the lensing by a
wormhole. In this paper, we study the Einstein ring and relativistic Einstein
rings for the Schwarzschild black hole and the Ellis wormhole, the latter of
which is an example of traversable wormholes of the Morris-Thorne class. Given
the configuration of the gravitational lensing and the radii of the Einstein
ring and relativistic Einstein rings, we can distinguish between a black hole
and a wormhole in principle. We conclude that we can detect the relativistic
Einstein rings by wormholes which have the radii of the throat pc
at a galactic center with the distance 10Mpc and which have AU in
our galaxy using by the most powerful modern instruments which have the
resolution of arcsecond such as a 10-meter optical-infrared telescope.
The black holes which make the Einstein rings of the same size as the ones by
the wormholes are galactic supermassive black holes and the relativistic
Einstein rings by the black holes are too small to measure at this moment. We
may test some hypotheses of astrophysical wormholes by using the Einstein ring
and relativistic Einstein rings in the future.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures, minor changes from v
Doping Dependent Changes in Nitrogen 2 States in the Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor GaCrN
We study the electronic structure of the recently discovered diluted magnetic
semiconductor GaCrN ( = 0.01-0.10). A systematic study of the
changes in the and ligand (N) partial density of states
(DOS) of the host lattice is carried out using N 1 soft x-ray emission and
absorption spectroscopy, respectively. X-ray absorption measurements confirm
the wurtzite N 2 DOS and substitutional doping of Cr into Ga-sites. Coupled
changes in the and N 2 character DOS of
GaCrN identify states responsible for ferromagnetism consistent
with band structure calculations.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
High Field Anomalies of Equilibrium and Ultrafast Magnetism in Rare-Earth-Transition Metal Ferrimagnets
Magneto-optical spectroscopy in fields up to 30 Tesla reveals anomalies in
the equilibrium and ultrafast magnetic properties of the ferrimagnetic
rare-earth-transition metal alloy TbFeCo. In particular, in the vicinity of the
magnetization compensation temperature, each of the magnetizations of the
antiferromagnetically coupled Tb and FeCo sublattices show triple hysteresis
loops. Contrary to state-of-the-art theory, which explains such loops by sample
inhomogeneities, here we show that they are an intrinsic property of the
rare-earth ferrimagnets. Assuming that the rare-earth ions are paramagnetic and
have a non-zero orbital momentum in the ground state and, therefore, a large
magnetic anisotropy, we are able to reproduce the experimentally observed
behavior in equilibrium. The same theory is also able to describe the
experimentally observed critical slowdown of the spin dynamics in the vicinity
of the magnetization compensation temperature, emphasizing the role played by
the orbital momentum in static and ultrafast magnetism of ferrimagnets
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