The Role of Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein -2 (CPEB-2) in Human Breast Cancer

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in 40-50% of breast cancers, and promotes tumour progression through increased proliferation, migration, invasion, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), and induction of therapy-resistant Stem-Like-Cells (SLCs). COX-2 stimulates expression of two oncogenic and SLC-promoting microRNAs (miR-526b, miR-655), which simultaneously target one gene, Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein-2 (CPEB-2). Hypothesis: CPEB-2 is a tumour- and SLC-suppressing gene in breast cancer. Results: CPEB-2 knockout in a non-tumourigenic mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A demonstrated increases in proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT markers, SLC content, and VEGF-D expression. CPEB-2, an mRNA-binding translation-regulating protein, was found to regulate the translation of tumour suppressor p53. When intravenously injected into NOD/SCID/IL2Ry-null mice, CPEB2KO cells formed micrometastases in the lung, and after orthotopic injection into the mammary region, they formed tumours in 3/5 mice, including spontaneous lung metastases. Isoform A/E of CPEB-2 was decreased in HER2+ breast cancer samples. Conclusion: CPEB-2 is a tumour-suppressing gene in breast cancer

Some General Questions About Markets

Markets are central institutions of Western societies and their main mechanism of coordination; however, we do not know much about their functioning. How are prices formed? By which ways do buyers and sellers meet? What kind of rule are necessary for markets to function? The purpose of this paper is analyze some aspects of market functioning, and to try to isolate mechanism by which this functioning may be determined by diverse institutional forms. A comparison of some markets for perishable goods and some financial and commodity markets allows to identify set of rules controlling their functioning. A preliminary result of this comparison is the characteristics of the traded good

Koltès : la fuite, l’exil et l’extase

Cet article trouve dans les mystères d’Éleusis la forme et le contenu essentiels à l’interprétation de la relation qu’entretiendrait le théâtre de Bernard-Marie Koltès avec les images qui motivent son écriture. Cette référence permet d’unir politique, mysticisme et théâtre dans une oeuvre qui n’a cessé de renvoyer ses personnages aux images d’un bourbier dans lequel ils se débattent ainsi qu’à celles d’une contemplation extatique. Ce serait dans l’écart qui sépare ces deux types d’images, qui constituent un film virtuel représentant comme le hors-champ de ce théâtre, que s’installerait la scène d’une méditation de ce que pourrait signifier aujourd’hui l’exigence de sauver son âme.This articles finds in the mysteries of Eleusis the necessary form and content needed to interpret the relation between Bernard-Marie Koltès' plays and the images which motivated his writing. This reference makes it possible to unite politics, mysticism and theatre in a body of work which has always shown its characters both struggling in the mire and having extatic visions. Into the gap between these two conflicting types of images, which constitute a virtual film, a kind of off screen narration of Koltès' work, would appear a meditation on the meaning of "salvation"

"Surfing the wave" - civil society development and colour revolutions

'Der Beitrag untersucht den Prozess ausländischer Unterstützung für die Zivilgesellschaften in den postsowjetischen Staaten und die damit verbundenen Implikationen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der 'farbigen Revolutionen'. In Serbien (2000), Georgien (2003), der Ukraine (2004) und Kirgisistan (2005) wird allgemein die Rolle der Nichtregierungs- und der Jugendorganisationen beim Organisieren gesellschaftlichen Protests als das eigentliche, kritische Element während der 'farbigen Revolutionen' angesehen. Im Gegensatz zu verbreiteten Auffassungen wird die These vertreten, dass diese 'Revolutionen' keine direkte Konsequenz der gewachsenen externen Unterstützung für die Zivilgesellschaften waren. Stattdessen wird den gesellschaftlichen Bewegungen eine Schlüsselrolle innerhalb der 'farbigen Revolutionen' zugeschrieben. Diese verwarfen das westliche Modell rigider, hierarchisch strukturierter Organisation zugunsten deutlich flexibler strukturierter 'rhizomischer', transnationaler Formen.' (Autorenreferat

L'idéologie marchande au service de la biodiversité ?

International audienc

Relationships between Depression and High Intellectual Potential

This paper proposes to analyse the relationships between depression and high intellectual potential through a multidisciplinary and original approach. Based on their respective experience in psychology and child psychiatry, the authors will focus their analysis on creative potential. First, relationships between creativity (literary, artistic, or scientific creativity) and melancholy (“melancholy” comes from the Greek words for “black” (“melas”) and “bile” (“khole”)) will be examined from antiquity to modern times. Aristotle introduced a quantitative factor, asserting that levels of melancholy and black bile are positively correlated; however, under a given threshold of black bile, it can give rise to an exceptional being. Second, the case study of Blaise Pascal (scientific and philosophical creativity associated with major depressive episodes from childhood) will be presented and discussed. This case study sheds light on the paradoxical role of depression in the overinvestment in intellectual and creative spheres as well as on the impact of traumatic events on high intellectual potential. Third, observations will be reported based on a study conducted on 100 children with high intellectual potential (6–12 years old). Finally, based on these different levels of analysis, it appears that heterogeneity of mental functioning in children with high intellectual potential is at the center of the creative process and it has related psychological vulnerability