Rare B and strange decays

Several deviations from the Standard Model predictions have been recently observed in the decays mediated by $b \rightarrow s l^+ l^-$ transitions. These could be pointing towards new vector-current contributions or could be explained by underestimated charm-loop effects. New results from an LHCb Run 1 $B^+\rightarrow K^+ \mu^+ \mu^-$ analysis that includes the decays via intermediate charm- resonances are discussed. Also, new results from the fully leptonic rare modes searches are presented. This includes the latest Run 1 and Run 2 $B^0_{(s)} \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^-$ analysis from LHCb where the $B^0_{s} \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^-$ candidates are used to determine the effective lifetime of the $B^0_{s} \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^-$ decays - a pioneering result that in the future will solve the current ambiguity in the (pseudo-)scalar contributions

Failure of the adiabatic criterion, structure and coherence in the low energy excitation of helium atoms by helium ions

Producing optical excitations by low energy ion atom and ion molecule collision

Performance of the LHCb High Level Trigger in 2012

The trigger system of the LHCb experiment is discussed in this paper and its performance is evaluated on a dataset recorded during the 2012 run of the LHC. The main purpose of the LHCb trigger system is to separate heavy flavour signals from the light quark background. The trigger reduces the roughly 11MHz of bunch-bunch crossings with inelastic collisions to a rate of 5kHz, which is written to storage.Comment: Proceedings for the 20th International Conference on Computing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics (CHEP

Challenges for Human, Social, Cultural, and Behavioral Modeling

Today\u27s military focus has moved away from the force-on-force battlefield of the past century and into the domain of irregular warfare and its companion security, stability, transition and reconstruction missions. With that change in focus has come a need to examine the operational environment from a wider perspective, one that includes the whole range of human experiences and circumstances. As the set of factors and list of players expands, the need for reliable modeling and simulation increases, if for no other reason than to help the human decision maker make sense of this expanded decision space. However, to do this, the models and simulations must take into account the whole of government whole of society and all those with an interest in region in question- allies, trade partners, adversaries, individuals, and networks of influence. The ideal solution would be to inject models from the human sciences into our kinetic simulations and declare success, but this is not possible. The different disciplines that comprise social and human sciences have different vocabularies and interpretations of events. They understand measurement, data, and models in diverse ways and their time scales vary from those we understand from working with kinetic models. The intent of this paper is to examine some of these differences and the challenges they present both technically and managerially

Improving C2 Effectiveness Based on Robust Connectivity

This chapter describes an approach to develop an improved metric for network effectiveness through the use of Cares\u27 (2005) Information Age Combat Model (IACM) as a context for combat (or competition) between networked forces. The IACM highlights the inadequacy of commonly used quantifiable metrics with regards to comparing networks that differ only by the placement of a few links. An agent-based simulation is used to investigate the potential value of the Perron-Frobenius Eigenvalue (λPFE) as an indicator of network effectiveness. The results validate this assumption. Another measurement is proven to be equally important, namely the robustness of a configuration. Potential applications from the domain of ballistic missile defense are included to show operational relevance

Comparison of soil water sensing methods for irrigation management and research

Presented at the 2007 Central Plains irrigation conference on February 27-28 in Kearney, Nebraska.Includes bibliographical references.As irrigation water resources decrease and deficit irrigation becomes more common across the Great Plains, greater accuracy in irrigation scheduling will be required. With deficit irrigation a smaller amount of soil water is held in reserve and there is less margin for error. Researchers investigating deficit irrigation practices and developing management practices must also have accurate measures of soil water content - in fact, the two go hand in hand. New management practices for deficit irrigation will require more accurate assessments of soil water content if success is to be ensured. This study compared several commercial soil water sensing systems, four of them based on the electromagnetic (EM) properties of soil as influenced by soil water content, versus the venerable neutron moisture meter (NMM), which is based on the slowing of neutrons by soil water. While performance varied widely, the EM sensors were all less precise and less accurate in the field than was the NMM. Variation in water contents from one measurement location to the next was much greater for the EM sensors and was so large that these sensors are not useful for determining the amount of water to apply. The NMM is still the only sensor that is suitable for irrigation research. However, the NMM is not practical for on-farm irrigation management due to cost and regulatory issues. Unfortunately, our studies indicate that the EM sensors are not useful for irrigation management due to inaccuracy and variability. A new generation of EM sensors should be developed to overcome the problems of those currently available. In the meantime, tensiometers, electrical resistance sensors and soil probes may fill the gap for irrigation management based on soil water sensing. However, many farmers are successfully using irrigation scheduling based on crop water use estimates from weather station networks and reference ET calculations. When used in conjunction with direct field soil water observations to avoid over irrigation, the ET network approach has proved useful in maximizing yields

Northern Texas High Plains

Presented at the 2002 USCID/EWRI conference, Energy, climate, environment and water - issues and opportunities for irrigation and drainage on July 9-12 in San Luis Obispo, California.Includes bibliographical references.Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is beginning to be produced on the Northern Texas High Plains as a lower water-requiring crop while producing an acceptable profit. Cotton is a warm season, perennial species produced like an annual yet it requires a delicate balance of water and water deficit controls to most effectively produce high yields in this thermally limited environment. This study measured the water use of cotton in near-fully irrigated, deficiently irrigated, and dryland regimes in a Northern Texas High Plains environment, which has a shortened cotton producing season, using precision weighing lysimeters in 2000 and 2001. The irrigated regimes were irrigated with a lateral-move sprinkler system. The water use data were used to develop crop coefficient data and compared with the FAO-56 method for estimating crop water use. Cotton yield, water use, and water use efficiency was found to be as good in this region as other more noted cotton regions. FAO-56 ET prediction procedures performed better for the more fully irrigated treatments in this environment

Reconfiguration and dissociation of bonded hydrogen in silicon by energetic ions

We report in situ infrared measurements of ion-induced reconfiguration and dissociation of bonded hydrogen associated with various defects in silicon at low temperatures. Defect-associated Si-H complexes were prepared by low-temperature proton implantation in silicon followed by room-temperature annealing. As a result of subsequent low-temperature (3)He ion irradiation, we observed (1) ion-induced dissociation of Si-H complexes, (2) a notable difference in the dissociation rate of interstitial- and vacancy-type defects, and, unexpectedly, (3) the growth of bond-centered hydrogen, which is generally observed in association with low-temperature proton implantation. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for the dissociation of hydrogen bonds in silicon and thus have important implications for bond-selective nanoscale engineering and the long-term reliability of state-of-the-art silicon semiconductor and photovoltaic devices

A practical exploration of ontology interoperability

ISO Common Logic (CL, ISO/IEC 24707:2007) offers the Semantic Web (SW) a new and powerful dimension in achieving the effective discovery, automation, integration, and reuse across applications, data and knowledge. The paper shows how it is possible to explore such interoperability through small scale exemplar projects. As Conceptual Graphs (CG) is a key technology in CL, we focused on the Amine CG software and for the SW we focused on the Protégé OWL software, exploring the possible mappings between ontologies captured in OWL and in Amine. Through this practical exercise the dimensions and extent of the desired interoperability could be demonstrated. This small but significant experiment provided a practical insight into how CG Tools can actually interoperate towards achieving the wider goal of Ontology interoperability between CL and the SW.</p

USCID fourth international conference

Presented at the Role of irrigation and drainage in a sustainable future: USCID fourth international conference on irrigation and drainage on October 3-6, 2007 in Sacramento, California.Includes bibliographical references.Deficit irrigation commonly is used in regions with reduced or limited irrigation capacity to increase water use efficiency (WUE). This research measured winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) water use (ET) and yields so WUE could be determined. Two precision weighing lysimeters were used to accurately measure the crop ET from fully irrigated (FULL) fields and deficit irrigated (DI) fields. The DI wheat was an irrigation cutoff at the jointing growth stage as might be used if available irrigation water was being shifted to summer crops while the sorghum DI used a reduced irrigation rate (~50% FULL irrigation) as might occur with a lower irrigation capacity. Both crops were irrigated by a lateral-move sprinkler system at Bushland, Texas. Wheat ET was decreased by 20% from 849 to 677 mm with a 76% decline in irrigation. Sorghum ET decreased 10% from 621 mm to 560 mm with a 48% decline in irrigation. WUE of sorghum for both grain and dry matter increased slightly with DI but seed mass, and harvest index were unaffected. DI irrigated wheat extracted soil water to a depth of 1.7 m in the Pullman soil with some apparent root extraction to the 2.3-m depth. Sorghum extracted soil water mainly above 1.2 m in the Pullman soil profile if well watered, but DI sorghum extracted soil water to 1.7 m. Sprinkler DI of sorghum beginning with a nearly full soil water content profile permitted the crop to better exploit the soil profile water and minimize soil water deficit effects on crop yield in a year with typical summer rainfall for Bushland (~210 mm) such that yield was not reduced by DI. Cutting off winter wheat irrigation in early spring with a near full soil water profile at jointing, permitted the wheat crop to fully exploit the soil water reservoir when rainfall was normal