Metabolism Energy, Nitrogen Retention, and Mineral Retention of Phosphorus Calcium and Zinc of Sugarcane Juice in Broilers

Poultry feed derived from grains has an anti-nutrient phytic acid. Naturally, phytate forms a complex bond with some minerals (P, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca), protein, and amino acids. The mineral-phytate complex cannot be absorbed by the small intestine of non-ruminant livestock and will adversely affect the availability of minerals in the ration. One way to improve the efficiency of mineral and protein utilization from phytate is using phytase. Sugarcane juice containing nutrients and phytase is very potential as liquid supplement for broiler chickens as it can hydrolyze phytic acid. The purpose of this study was to determine the retention of nitrogen, metabolism energy, and retention of minerals (P, Ca and Zn) of sugarcane juice in broilers. The study was conducted for 7 days using metabolism cages for 28 broilers of 5 weeks old with 6 treatments of 4 replications, 4 for endogenous. The results showed that the administration of 2.5%/kg sugarcane juice in the ration as well as in 2.5%/liter sugarcane juice in drinking water could provide the same result as giving commercial phytase 250-500 FTU/kg on the retention of nitrogen, metabolizeable energy, and retention of minerals P, Ca and Zn

Roles of Dietary Cobalt and Administration of Mixed Rumen Bacteria in Regulating Hematological Parameters of Pre-weaning Twin Lambs

Cobalt (Co) is required by rumen microorganism for vitamin B12 synthesis. Vitamin B12 is an important cofactor for methionine synthesis and gluconeogenesis. In young ruminants up to 6–8 wk old, the rumen has not been completely developed and rumen microorganisms are not ready to supply vitamin B12. The aim of this research was to determine the potency of mixed rumen bacteria and dietary supplementation of Co and its effect on plasma glucose, blood minerals (Co, Fe, and Zn) concentrations, and hematology of pre-weaning twin lambs. Twelve one month-old local twin lambs were assigned to 4 groups in a randomized complete block design. Lambs were fed cow milk at 10% body weight, adjusted weekly for 80 d. Mixed rumen bacteria were offered at 15 mL/d (8.295x1010 cfu). Dietary treatments were: 1) basal diet (Control), 2) basal diet + 1 mg/kg DM cyanocobalamin (VitB12) and 3) basal diet + 1 mg/kg DM of Co + administration of 15 mL mixed rumen bacteria (CoBac). There were no treatment effects on neither plasma glucose and blood mineral concentrations nor hematological profiles. This study demonstrated that pre-weaning twin lambs are not responsive to supplementation of Co and administration of mixed rumen bacteria

Nutrient Digestibility and Performances of Frisian Holstein Calves Fed with Pennisetum Purpureum and Inoculated with Buffalo's Rumen Bacteria

Buffalo's rumen bacteria (BRB) are potential in digesting fiber feed. BRB already adapted well with low quality forages and agricultural byproducts. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of buffalo's rumen bacteria (BRB) consortium inoculated into preweaning Frisian Holstein calves on nutrient digestibility, physiological status, mineral uptake, and blood profile. This study used 14 isolates of bacteria isolated from rumen fluid of four local buffalos. The research units consisted of seven Frisian Holstein calves at two weeks old with the average body weight of 43.6±4.5 kg. Calves were inoculated with 20 mL of buffalo's rumen bacteria isolates [4.56 x 109 cfu/mL] every morning for 10 weeks. The calves were divided into two groups i.e., three calves received bacterial inoculation and four calves without any inoculation. The variables which were analyzed in the preweaning and weaning period were feed intake, digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), rumen fermentation characteristics, body weight, physiological status, blood profile, and mineral status. Data were analyzed statistically using t-test. The results showed that inoculation of buffalo's rumen bacteria into Frisian Holstein calves effectively increased feed intake, characteristics of leukocytes and neutrophils, and cobalt (Co) uptake during the weaning period. Inoculation of rumen bacteria improved rumen pH during preweaning and weaning periods. Inoculation of rumen bacteria also had no negative effects on digestibility, feed conversion (FCR), average daily gain (ADG), and physiological status

Assessment of Methane Estimation From Volatile Fatty Acid Stoichiometry in the Rumen in Vitro

Rumen microbes breakdown feed to produce volatile fatty acids (VFA), carbon dioxide, ammoniaand methane (CH4). Metabolic hydrogen in the form of reduced protons is used during CH4 formation aswell as during VFA synthesis. Therefore, VFA concentration in the rumen may stoichiometrically berelated to CH4 emission. The aim of this study was to evaluate methane emission between experimentaland model estimates. Two stoichiometrical models for predicting CH4 from VFA were assessed, i.e.Moss et al. (2000) and Hegarty and Nolan (2007) models. The data sets were obtained from a publishedliterature. Samples used were leaves from 27 tropical plant species. Prediction error was conducted bycomputing root mean square prediction error (RMSPE). Results showed that estimation model of Mosset al. (2000) had lower RMSPE value, i.e. 8.01%, than that of Hegarty and Nolan (2007) model, i.e.10.73%. Variation of methane emission, i.e. the low or high methane can be estimated by VFAcomposition with a sufficient accuracy. Adjusment by considering H2 recovery lowered the biassignificantly. It can be concluded that Moss model had better accuracy in predicting CH4 emission fromVFA composition than that of Hegarty and Nolan model

Supplementation of Mangosteen Pericarp Meal and Vitamin E on Egg Quality and Blood Profile of Laying Hens

This research aimed to study the supplementation effects of mangosteen pericarp meal (MPM) and vitamin E (VE) in the diets on the egg quality and blood profile of laying hens. This research used 160 laying hens of Lohman strains 24 weeks of age. The observation was conducted for 11 weeks. A completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications (10 birds each) was used in this experiment. The treatments consisted of R0 (control diet), R1 (R0 + 1 g MPM/kg ration), R2 (R0 + 2 g MPM/kg ration) and R3 (R0 + 200 mg VE/kg ration). Variables measured were egg quality, yolk cholesterol, and blood profiles. The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and any significant difference between the treatment means were further tested by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that supplementation of 1 g MPM/kg ration in the diet significantly (P<0.05) decreased blood triglycerides compared with the control, laying hens fed with diet suplemented with of 2 g MPM/kg ration, and laying hens with diet suplemented with 200 mg VE/kg ration. Supplementation of MPM and VE did not affect (P>0.05) egg quality (except shell thickness), blood cholesterol, and HDL, respectively. In conclusion, supplementation of 1 g MPM/kg in the diet of laying hens could decrease blood triglycerides

The Potential Use of Secondary Metabolites in Moringa oleifera as an Antioxidant Source

This present study determined antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, total phenolic, total flavonoids and phytochemicals in moringa leaves and moringa stem. Analysis used in this study was 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method for antioxidant activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method for lipid peroxidation, Folin-Ciocalteu method for total phenolic, total flavonoid and UFLC (Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography) for identification and quantification of phenolic compounds. The results showed that moringa leaves had higher ability to scavenge free radical, total phenolic, and total flavonoid than moringa stem (P<0.001). Malondialdehyde production, the end product of lipid peroxidation, in moringa leaves was lower than moringa stem (P<0.001). Ferulic acid was the major active compound in both moringa leaves and moringa stem. This present study indicated that moringa leaves and moringa stem could be used as feed additive which had a good potential to prevent oxidative stress in animals.Key words: antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, moringa leaves, moringa stem, phytochemical

Preferences of Rusa timorensis to Grasses and Their Body Morphometry and Velvet Antler Characteristics

Timor deer (Rusa timorensis) is a wild native animal to Indonesia. The stags produce a high economic value of  velvet antler (VA). This study was designed to evaluate the feed preference, nutrient consumption, age and morphometric of deer in relation to their velvet antler product (weigth and length) and quality (mineral and amino acids). Five stags with three ages classes were offered 3 combinations of 4 grasses in a captive area. Grasses were offered for 3 periods of 12 consecutive days during velvet antler growth period. Velvet antlers were harvested at 36 days old and analysed for their chemical content. The result showed that Timor deer had different preference to the grasses offered. Deer had a high preference on the combination of Pennisetum purpureum, Commelina benghalensis, Hierochloe horsfieldii, and Sorghum caudatum. High intake of grasses increased body weight. The regresion equation between the weight or length of velvet antler withage (year) and girth size (cm) were: Y (velvet antler weight)= 0.43 + 0.03 (age), r2= 0.99, P<0.05, and Y (length of velvet antler) = 5.7 + 0.31 (girth size), r2= 0.99, P<0.05. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and proline content of velvel antler were high in the older deer. The older deer having high girth size had the higher quality of velvet antler

Nutrient Digestibility and Performances of Frisian Holstein Calves Fed with Pennisetum purpureum and Inoculated with Buffalo’s Rumen Bacteria

Buffalo’s rumen bacteria (BRB) are potential in digesting fiber feed. BRB already adapted well with low quality forages and agricultural byproducts. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of buffalo’s rumen bacteria (BRB) consortium inoculated into preweaning Frisian Holstein calves on nutrient digestibility, physiological status, mineral uptake, and blood profile. This study used 14 isolates of bacteria isolated from rumen fluid of four local buffalos. The research units consisted of seven Frisian Holstein calves at two weeks old with the average body weight of 43.6±4.5 kg. Calves were inoculated with 20 mL of buffalo’s rumen bacteria isolates [4.56 x 109 cfu/mL] every morning for 10 weeks. The calves were divided into two groups i.e., three calves received bacterial inoculation and four calves without any inoculation. The variables which were analyzed in the preweaning and weaning period were feed intake, digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), rumen fermentation characteristics, body weight, physiological status, blood profile, and mineral status. Data were analyzed statistically using t-test. The results showed that inoculation of buffalo’s rumen bacteria into Frisian Holstein calves effectively increased feed intake, characteristics of leukocytes and neutrophils, and cobalt (Co) uptake during the weaning period. Inoculation of rumen bacteria improved rumen pH during preweaning and weaning periods. Inoculation of rumen bacteria also had no negative effects on digestibility, feed conversion (FCR), average daily gain (ADG), and physiological status.Key words: buffalo rumen bacteria, digestibility, physiological status, blood profile, Pennisetum purpureu

Digestibility, Milk Production, and Udder Health of Etawah Goats Fed with Fermented Coffee Husk

This study was carried out to assess  the utilization of  coffee husk fermented by Pleurotus ostreatus as feed supplement by measuring the digestibility, milk production and udder health of Etawah goats suffered from subclinical mastitis (+1). There were three experimental diets consisted of T0 (control diet/basal diet without fermented coffee husk), T1 (basal diet with 6% fermented coffee husk) and T2 (basal diet with 6% fermented coffee husk soaked in crude palm oil for an hour before using). Basal diet consisted of napier grass (60%) and concentrate (40%). The results showed that supplementation of lactating Etawah does with fermented coffee husk did not affect the palatability of the diets, but increased the protein and crude fiber consumption (P<0.05). There was no significant effect on nutrient digestibility and milk production while milk composition (protein, fat, total solid) increased in supplemented groups (P<0.05). The persistency of milk production and the somatic cells count were not different.  There was an improvement of somatic cells count on supplemented groups. In conclusion, fermented coffee husk could be used as feed supplement without any negative effects on digestibility and milk production. The positive effects to udder health could be expected from including fermented coffee husk in diets.Key words:  coffee husk, Etawah goat, fermented, performance, supplemen

Roles of Dietary Cobalt and Administration of Mixed Rumen Bacteria in Regulating Hematological Parameters of Pre-weaning Twin Lambs

Cobalt (Co) is required by rumen microorganism for vitamin B12 synthesis. Vitamin B12 is an important cofactor for methionine synthesis and gluconeogenesis. In young ruminants up to 6–8 wk old, the rumen has not been completely developed and rumen microorganisms are not ready to supply vitamin B12. The aim of this research was to determine the potency of mixed rumen bacteria and dietary supplementation of Co and its effect on plasma glucose, blood minerals (Co, Fe, and Zn) concentrations, and hematology of pre-weaning twin lambs. Twelve one month-old local twin lambs were assigned to 4 groups in a randomized complete block design. Lambs were fed cow milk at 10% body weight, adjusted weekly for 80 d. Mixed rumen bacteria were offered at 15 mL/d (8.295x1010 cfu). Dietary treatments were: 1) basal diet (Control), 2) basal diet + 1 mg/kg DM cyanocobalamin (VitB12) and 3) basal diet + 1 mg/kg DM of Co + administration of 15 mL mixed rumen bacteria (CoBac). There were no treatment effects on neither plasma glucose and blood mineral concentrations nor hematological profiles. This study demonstrated that pre-weaning twin lambs are not responsive to supplementation of Co and administration of mixed rumen bacteria