9 research outputs found
Coiled coil structure of the cJun-cFos interaction.
<p>Shown are the coiled coil regions of cJun (red) and cFos (blue) interaction (PDB coordinates: 1FOS <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059415#pone.0059415-Glover1" target="_blank">[58]</a>). Side-chains for interfacial <b>‘</b><b><i>a’ ‘d’ ‘e’ and ‘g’</i></b> residues are shown and highlight the fact that the interactions between them are distributed broadly across the molecule. Key hydrophobic interfacial side-chains within cJun that are predicted to be required for effective binding to cFos are shown in green (<b><i>d2</i></b>, <b><i>a3</i></b>, <b><i>d3</i></b>, <b><i>a4</i></b>, <b><i>d4</i></b>, <b><i>a5</i></b>, <b><i>d5</i></b>, top to bottom: L, N, L, A, L, V, L).</p
Serum stability of peptides 12 and 24.
<p>Shown are the effects of helix-inducing constraints (• and ▪) versus the linear sequences (▾ and ▴) in human serum at 37°C.</p
Schematic showing sequences and constrains for all peptides.
<p>The parental JunW<sub>CANDI</sub> sequence is shown in bold as are heptads and residue positioning within the helical wheels. Peptide constraints are shown in blue. K<sub>D</sub> values taken from ITC experiments for peptides in complex with cFos are shown in µM. Fraction helicity as measured from CD experiments are also shown. Positions of <i>i</i>→<i>i+4</i> hydrocarbon constraints were initially placed into a JunW<sub>CANDI</sub> peptide <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059415#pone.0059415-Mason2" target="_blank">[42]</a> lacking capping motifs, causing a reduction in the size of the molecule from 37 residues to 32. All constraints tethered <i>b</i>→<i>f</i> or <i>f</i>→<i>c</i> residues.</p
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) analysis of leucine zipper domain interactions between constrained peptides and cFos.
<p>Shown are isotherms for all ten measureable heterodimers (1, 2, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 20, 22, and 24) injected into a cell containinginto cFos. The top and bottom panels show, respectively, raw data after baseline correction. During ITC experiments, approximately 200–600 µM of peptide A was injected in 30–40×5 µl batches from the injection syringe into the cell, which contained 10–40 µM cFos. Both partners were in a 10 mM Potassium Phosphate buffer, 100 mM Potassium Fluoride at pH 7. Experiments were undertaken at 20°C. The solid lines represent the fit of the data to the function based on the binding of a ligand to a macromolecule using the Microcal (GE Healthcare) Origin software <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059415#pone.0059415-Wiseman1" target="_blank">[57]</a>.</p
Thermodynamics of binding of cJun analogues to cFos. Columns (from left to right) show i) Tm values from thermal denaturation analysis ii) calculated % helicity for each respective pair calculated from circular dichroism spectra and iii) K<sub>D</sub> values calculated from thermal denaturation data.
<p>The remaining three columns give stoichiometry of binding and thermodynamic data calculated from ITC, with TΔS calculated according to the Gibbs Helmholtz equation.</p>*<p>data calculated using the midpoint of the transition from thermal denaturation profiles (and fit as temperature as a function of lnK<sub>D</sub>, with the fit lnK<sub>D</sub> = aT+C where a is the gradient, T is the temperature in Celsius and C is the intercept) and calculated at 20°C.</p>#<p>Calculated according to TΔS = ΔH−ΔG.</p
Raw thermal melting data for all homo and heterodimeric complexes.
<p>Data have been collected by measuring the level of helicity at 222 nm in an applied photophysics chirascan Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectrometer. Data have been converted from raw ellipticity to Molar Residue Ellipticity (MRE) according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059415#pone.0059415.e001" target="_blank">equation 1</a> to take account of the different peptide lengths. Thermal melting data for cFos is shown in black, data for the constrained peptide in isolation is shown in blue and the cFos/constrained peptide mixture is shown in red. Also shown is the average of the cFos and constrained peptide (black dotted line). Where possible data have been fitted to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059415#pone.0059415.e002" target="_blank">equation 2</a> to generate thermal melting (T<sub>m</sub>) values (e.g. for cFos-<b><i>1</i></b> and cFos-<b><i>2</i></b>) and in such instances it is clear from an increase in the averaged homomeric T<sub>m</sub> values that an interaction is occurring (e.g. <b><i>1</i></b>: −1+50 = 49/2 = 24.5<55). However, some data were unable to be fitted owing to the lack of a melting transition, or of a lower baseline (e.g. cFos-<b><i>3</i></b> and cFos-<b><i>4</i></b>), indicating that an interaction is not occurring. CD spectra for these pairs are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059415#pone.0059415.s003" target="_blank">Figure S3</a>.</p
NMR Structure of peptide 24.
<p><b>a)</b> NOE summary diagram for peptide <b>24</b> in 90% H<sub>2</sub>O:10% D<sub>2</sub>O at 298 K. Sequential, short and medium range NOE intensities were classified as strong (upper distance constraint 2.7 Å), medium (3.5 Å), weak (5.0 Å), very weak (6.0 Å) and are proportional to bar thickness; grey bars indicate overlapping signals. <sup>3</sup><i>J</i><sub>NHCHα</sub>coupling constants <6 Hz are indicated by ↓. Amide NH’s for which chemical shifts changed by <5 ppb/K are indicated by •. <b>b)</b> Backbone superimposition for ten lowest energy NMR-derived solution structures for Ac-cyclo-(3,7; 10,14; 17,21)-ChaR[KEIYD]LR[KKAND]LR[KHIAD]Cha-NH<sub>2</sub> (<b>24</b>) in H<sub>2</sub>O:D<sub>2</sub>O (9∶1) at 298 K showing carbon atoms (green), nitrogens (blue), oxygens (red), <i>i</i>→<i>i+4</i> hydrocarbon constraints (orange). Also for clarity, one structure is shown with its alpha helical backbone (yellow) and projecting side chains (green). N-terminus is at the top.</p
Pyrimidine-Based Inhibitors of Dynamin I GTPase Activity: Competitive Inhibition at the Pleckstrin Homology Domain
The large GTPase
dynamin mediates membrane fission during clathrin-mediated
endocytosis (CME). The aminopyrimidine compounds were reported to
disrupt dynamin localization to the plasma membrane via the PH domain
and implicate this mechanism in the inhibition of CME. We have used
a computational approach of binding site identification, docking,
and interaction energy calculations to design and synthesize a new
library of aminopyrimidine analogues targeting site-2 of the pleckstrin
homology (PH) domain. The optimized analogues showed low micromolar
inhibition against both dynamin I (IC<sub>50</sub> = 10.6 ± 1.3
to 1.6 ± 0.3 μM) and CME (IC<sub>50(CME)</sub> = 65.9 ±
7.7 to 3.7 ± 1.1 mM), which makes this series among the more
potent inhibitors of dynamin and CME yet reported. In CME and growth
inhibition cell-based assays, the data obtained was consistent with
dynamin inhibition. CEREP ExpresS profiling identified off-target
effects at the cholecystokinin, dopamine D<sub>2</sub>, histamine
H<sub>1</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>, melanocortin, melatonin, muscarinic
M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>, neurokinin, opioid KOP and serotonin
receptors
Pyrimidyn Compounds: Dual-Action Small Molecule Pyrimidine-Based Dynamin Inhibitors
Dynamin is required for clathrin-mediated
endocytosis (CME). Its
GTPase activity is stimulated by phospholipid binding to its PH domain,
which induces helical oligomerization. We have designed a series of
novel pyrimidine-based “Pyrimidyn” compounds that inhibit
the lipid-stimulated GTPase activity of full length dynamin I and
II with similar potency. The most potent analogue, Pyrimidyn <b>7</b>, has an IC<sub>50</sub> of 1.1 μM for dynamin I and
1.8 μM for dynamin II, making it among the most potent dynamin
inhibitors identified to date. We investigated the mechanism of action
of the Pyrimidyn compounds in detail by examining the kinetics of
Pyrimidyn <b>7</b> inhibition of dynamin. The compound competitively
inhibits both GTP and phospholipid interactions with dynamin I. While
both mechanisms of action have been previously observed separately,
this is the first inhibitor series to incorporate both and thereby
to target two distinct domains of dynamin. Pyrimidyn <b>6</b> and <b>7</b> reversibly inhibit CME of both transferrin and
EGF in a number of non-neuronal cell lines as well as inhibiting synaptic
vesicle endocytosis (SVE) in nerve terminals. Therefore, Pyrimidyn
compounds block endocytosis by directly competing with GTP and lipid
binding to dynamin, limiting both the recruitment of dynamin to membranes
and its activation. This dual mode of action provides an important
new tool for molecular dissection of dynamin’s role in endocytosis