30 research outputs found
The water quality degradation of upper Awash River, Ethiopia
Benthic macroinvertebrate based assessment of water quality in the upper Awash River, along the river course of about 500 kms was conducted on quarterly bases between September 2009 and August 2010. This paper reports the complete identification of macroinvertebrates together with measurements of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations which were considered as a tool for assessing the water quality status of upper Awash river, Ethiopia. Benthic animals and water samples were collected from three different sampling sites located in the upper Awash River, and analyzed to evaluate stressor sources and the general stream water quality. The percentage abundance of families of various macroinvertebrates taxonomic groups was identified from all sites. Accordingly, Koka bridge site of the upper Awash River had low water quality status which is likely to be due to poor farming, untreated effluents from factories and poor provision of sanitation facilities to the riparian communities. Apparently, the concentrations of the selected nutrients and heavy metals did not differ significantly among the sampling sites (ANOVA, P > 0.05), presumably due to pollution of the whole stream reach by the catchment nutrient sources. Ten orders of benthic macroinvertebrates consisting of 36 families were identified. The highest family richness was observed in Ginchi, slightly impacted site (1) whilst the least faunal diversity was observed in Koka Bridge (7 families) indicating the effect of water quality class differences among the sampling sites.Key words: Macroinvertebrates, organic pollution, heavy metals, water quality, anthropogenic impact, upper Awash Rive
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Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Background
Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories.
Methods
We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Findings
In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs.
Interpretation
Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention.
Funding
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation