149 research outputs found
DĂ©fis au dĂ©veloppement de lâinsĂ©mination artificielle chez le dromadaire
Artificial insemination (AI) in dromedaries remains challenging. A few AI trials with liquid stored semen have been published but they remain too small in term of number of inseminated females. AI trials with frozen-thawed semen have met with very little success. This papers reviews research performed in the area of dromedary semen collection and preservation with a special emphasize on biological differences compared to other species. These include, the viscous nature of camel ejaculate and the need for it liquefaction, the importance of induction of ovulation and possible effect on fertility and the difficult in reliably obtaining good quality ejaculates. We also present the most recent data regarding behavior of camel semen in various extenders and technique for preservation. Areas where further research is needed are pointed out throughout the manuscript.
Keywords: Arti?cial insemination, fertility, semen, extenders, dromedary camel.LâinsĂ©mination artificielle (IA) chez le dromadaire est un vrai dĂ©fi. Quelques essais dâIA avec du sperme liquide stockĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© publiĂ©s mais le nombre de femelles insĂ©minĂ©es et les taux de conception restent relativement faibles. Les essais dâIA avec du sperme congelĂ© et dĂ©congelĂ© ont rencontrĂ© trĂšs peu de succĂšs. Cet article passe en revue les recherches effectuĂ©es dans le domaine de la rĂ©colte et de la conservation du sperme du dromadaire en insistant particuliĂšrement sur les diffĂ©rences biologiques par rapport aux autres espĂšces. La nature visqueuse de lâĂ©jaculat du dromadaire et la nĂ©cessitĂ© de sa liquĂ©faction, lâimportance de lâinduction de lâovulation et son Ă©ventuel effet sur la fertilitĂ© et la difficultĂ© dâobtenir de façon fiable des Ă©jaculats de bonne qualitĂ©. Nous prĂ©sentons Ă©galement les donnĂ©es les plus rĂ©centes concernant le comportement du sperme du dromadaire vis-Ă -vis de divers dilueurs et techniques de conservation. Les domaines oĂč dâautres recherches sont nĂ©cessaires sont signalĂ©s tout au long du manuscrit.
Mots-clés: Insémination artificielle, fertilité, sperme, dilueurs, dromadaire
Challenges in the development of artificial insemination in the dromedary camel
Artificial insemination (AI) in dromedaries remains challenging. A few AI trials with liquid stored semen have been published but they remain too small in term of number of inseminated females. AI trials with frozen-thawed semen have met with very little success. This papers reviews research performed in the area of dromedary semen collection and preservation with a special emphasize on biological differences compared to other species. These include, the viscous nature of camel ejaculate and the need for it liquefaction, the importance of induction of ovulation and possible effect on fertility and the difficult in reliably obtaining good quality ejaculates. We also present the most recent data regarding behavior of camel semen in various extenders and technique for preservation. Areas where further research is needed are pointed out throughout the manuscript
Cryoconservation du sperme et des embryons chez les petits ruminants
Cryo-preservation of sperm and embryos is an important biotechnology for preservation and propagation of genetics. The aim of this paper is to review established procedures and recent advances in sheep, goats and some wild small ruminants. The use of frozen-thawed semen is more common in goat than in sheep. This is primarily due to the need for laparoscopic insemination in ewes. The major difference between sheep and goat is in the behavior seminal plasma towards egg yolk proteins. Recently, research focused on development of new approaches to improve freezing extenders by eliminating animal products such as egg-yolk and milk from extenders and their replacement by lecithins from vegetal origin, testing new cryo-protectant and reducing the effects of oxidative stress. The effect of these factors can be tested now more rigorously through the use of various morphological and function techniques such as fluorescent stains, hypoosmotic stress and computerized semen analysis to detect DNA stability, membrane integrity and motion parameters. Small ruminant embryos have been cryopreserved by the slow-cooling technique, which is being slowly replaced by vitrification. In sheep, morulae and early blastocyst are more suitable for freezing. Whereas in goat, expanded blastocysts and hatched blastocyst produce better results. Pregnancy rates after transfer of cryopreservation sheep and goat embryos yields acceptable results when management of recipients and transfer techniques are performed adequately.
Keywords: Freezing, sperm, embryos, insemination, fertility, extenders.La congĂ©lation du sperme et des embryons est une biotechnologie importante pour la conservation et propagation de la gĂ©nĂ©tique. Lâobjectif de cet article est discuter les techniques de congĂ©lation Ă©tablies ainsi que les acquisitions rĂ©centes dans ce domaine chez les ovins, caprins et petits ruminant sauvages. Lâutilisation du sperme congelĂ© en production est plus dĂ©veloppĂ©e chez les caprins que chez les ovins. Ceci est principalement dĂ» au besoin de lâutilisation de lâinsĂ©mination par laparoscopie chez les brebis. La plus grande diffĂ©rence entre les caprins et les ovins est le comportement du plasma sĂ©minal vis as vis des protĂ©ines du jaune dâĆuf. RĂ©cemment, les efforts de recherches se sont penchĂ©s principalement sur le dĂ©veloppement de nouvelles approches pour lâamĂ©lioration des dilueurs de congĂ©lation. Les axes les plus importants Ă©tant le remplacement des protĂ©ines animales (jaune dâĆuf et lait) par les lĂ©cithines vĂ©gĂ©tales, lâutilisation de cryoprotcteurs autres que le glycĂ©rol, et la rĂ©duction des effets de lâoxydation des lipides. Lâintroduction de mĂ©thodes dâanalyses de la morphologie et fonction des spermatozoĂŻdes, telles que les techniques de fluorescence, les tests hypopsmotiques et lâĂ©valuation numĂ©rique de la mobilitĂ©, permet une Ă©valuation plus rigoureuse des effets de ces facteurs sur la congĂ©labilitĂ© du sperme La conservation des embryons des petits ruminants par vitrification se dĂ©veloppe de plus en plus et pourrait remplacer les techniques lentes, plus laborieuses et coĂ»teuses. Chez les ovins, les morulas et blastocystes semblent ĂȘtre plus rĂ©sistants Ă la congĂ©lation. Par contre chez les caprins, les blastocystes en expansion et Ă©clos sont plus rĂ©sistants Ă la congĂ©lation que les morulas et jeunes blastocyste. Les taux de gestation obtenus aprĂšs transfert dâembryons congelĂ©s sont trĂšs intĂ©ressants surtout quand la gestion des receveuses est adĂ©quate et les techniques de transfert sont maĂźtrisĂ©es.
Mots-clés: Congélation, sperme, embryons, insémination, fertilité, dilueurs
Cryo-preservation of sperm and embryos in small ruminants
Cryo-preservation of sperm and embryos is an important biotechnology for preservation and propagation of genetics. The aim of this paper is to review established procedures and recent advances in sheep, goats and some wild small ruminants. The use of frozen-thawed semen is more common in goat than in sheep. This is primarily due to the need for laparoscopic insemination in ewes. The major difference between sheep and goat is in the behavior seminal plasma towards egg yolk protein. Recently, research focused on development of new approaches to improve freezing extenders by eliminating animal products such as egg-yolk and milk from extenders and their replacement by lecithins from vegetal origin, testing new cryo-protectant and reducing the effects of oxidative stress. The effect of these factors can be tested now more rigorously through the use of various morphological and function techniques such as fluorescent stains, hypoosmotic stress and computerized semen analysis to detect DNA stability, membrane integrity and motion parameters. Small ruminant embryos have been cryopreserved by the slow-cooling technique, which is being slowly replaced by vitrification. In sheep, morulae and early blastocyst are more suitable for freezing. Whereas in goat, expanded blastocysts and hatched blastocyst produce better results. Pregnancy rates after transfer of cryopreservation sheep and goat embryos yields acceptable results when management of recipients and transfer techniques are performed adequately
Examen de lâaptitude Ă la reproduction chez le bĂ©lier et le bouc
Male breeding soundness examination (BSE) is an important component of sheep and goat farming. BSE is best performed 2 months before the breeding season and is based on clinical and physical examination as well as sperm abnormalities detection. Rams are classified based on physical examination and semen evaluation finding in one of 4 categories: Unsatisfactory, questionable, satisfactory, and excellent. The satisfactory rams will achieve good reproductive performance if joined to ewes at a ratio of 1:50 for 60 days. However exceptional rams are expected to achieve good reproductive performance at a ratio of 1 ram to 100 ewes. For Buck, scrotal circumference should be at least 25 cm for breeds weighing more than 40 kg. Buck is deemed satisfactory breeder if he passes the physical examination, and has an ejaculate with at least 50 % progressively motile spermatozoa and less than 30 % total sperm abnormalities. This paper reviews factors affecting fertility, sperm production and quality as well as libido and mating ability in the ram. Details of genital examination and semen evaluation and interpretation of results are discussed. Classification of rams according to their reproductive potential is presented. Specific recommendations, when available for the buck, are highlighted. The main genital diseases are presented. The most frequent culling reason for ram is epididymitis due to Brucella ovis. Systematic culling of rams with epididymitis improves flock lambing rates by 10 to 15 %. Overall, the examination of the reproductive capacity in the ram and the buck is an important tool for improvement of flocks/herds fertility and prevention of contagious or hereditary diseases.
Keywords: Genital diseases, fertility, sheep, goat.Lâexamen de lâaptitude Ă la reproduction (EAR) du mĂąle est une composante importante de lâĂ©levage des petits ruminants. LâEAR est mieux rĂ©alisĂ©e 2 mois avant la saison de reproduction. Il est basĂ© sur lâexamen clinique et physique ainsi que sur la dĂ©tection des anomalies des spermatozoĂŻdes. En considĂ©rant les rĂ©sultats de cet examen, les bĂ©liers sont classĂ©s en 4 catĂ©gories: Insatisfaisant, douteux, satisfaisant et excellent. Les bĂ©liers satisfaisants permettront dâobtenir de bonnes performances de reproduction sâils sont mis pendant 60 jours pour saillir des brebis au ratio de 1:50. Cependant, des bĂ©liers exceptionnels peuvent rĂ©aliser une bonne performance reproductive au ratio de 1 bĂ©lier pour 100 brebis. Chez le bouc, la circonfĂ©rence scrotale doit ĂȘtre dâau moins 25 cm pour les races pesant plus de 40 kg. Il est considĂ©rĂ© comme satisfaisant sâil passe lâexamen physique et produit un Ă©jaculat avec au moins 50 % de spermatozoĂŻdes progressivement mobiles et moins de 30 % dâanomalies totales des spermatozoĂŻdes. Cet article examine les facteurs affectant la fertilitĂ©, la production et la qualitĂ© du sperme ainsi que la libido et la capacitĂ© de saillie chez le bĂ©lier. Les dĂ©tails de lâexamen de lâappareil gĂ©nital et du sperme et lâinterprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sont traitĂ©s. La classification des bĂ©liers selon leur potentiel de reproduction est prĂ©sentĂ©e. Des recommandations spĂ©cifiques, lorsquâelles sont disponibles pour le bouc, sont mises en Ă©vidence. Les principales maladies gĂ©nitales sont traitĂ©es. La cause de rĂ©forme la plus frĂ©quente chez le bĂ©lier est lâĂ©pididymite Ă Brucella ovis. La rĂ©forme systĂ©matique des bĂ©liers Ă Ă©pididymite amĂ©liore les taux dâagnelage des troupeaux de 10 Ă 15 %. Globalement, lâexamen de lâaptitude de reproduction chez le bĂ©lier et le bouc est un outil important pour lâamĂ©lioration de la fertilitĂ© des troupeaux et la prĂ©vention des maladies contagieuses ou hĂ©rĂ©ditaires.
Mots-clés: Reproduction, maladies génitales, fertilité, bélier, bou
Ram and Buck Breeding Soundness Examination
Male breeding soundness examination (BSE) is an important component of sheep and goat farming. BSE is best performed 2 months before the breeding season and is based on clinical and physical examination as well as sperm abnormalities detection. Rams are classified based on physical examination and semen evaluation finding in one of 4 categories: Unsatisfactory, questionable, satisfactory, and excellent. The satisfactory rams will achieve good reproductive performance if joined to ewes at a ratio of 1:50 for 60 days. However exceptional rams are expected to achieve good reproductive performance at a ratio of 1 ram to 100 ewes. For Buck, scrotal circumference should be at least 25 cm for breeds weighing more than 40 kg. Buck is deemed satisfactory breeder if he passes the physical examination, and has an ejaculate with at least 50% progressively motile spermatozoa and less than 30% total sperm abnormalities. This paper reviews factors affecting fertility, sperm production and quality as well as libido and mating ability in the ram. Details of genital examination and semen evaluation and interpretation of results are discussed. Classification of rams according to their reproductive potential is presented. Specific recommendations, when available for the buck, are highlighted. The main genital diseases are presented. The most frequent culling reason for ram is epididymitis due to Brucella ovis. Systematic culling of rams with epididymitis improves flock lambing rates by 10 to 15%. Overall, the examination of the reproductive capacity in the ram and the buck is an important tool for improvement of flocks/herds fertility and prevention of contagious or hereditary diseases
Gross anatomy and ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive organs in rams and bucks
Breeding soundness examination (BSE) of rams and bucks is performed by veterinarians as a service for producers to help identifying males that may not be capable of settling females early in the breeding season and sire off spring with the genetic potential for rapid and efficient growth. In the routine BSE, palpation of the testis cannot assess with accuracy testicular parenchyma and presence of small lesions. Ultrasonography and testicular biometric parameters are a better approach for evaluation of the testes. In addition, testicular ultrasonography can be a precious tool for the evaluation of scrotal circumference and testicular volume and prediction fertility potential. To provide a basis for this BSE, this paper presents a detailed overview of the anatomy of ram and buck reproductive system and outlines the basis for ultrasonographic examination of the genital tract. Common and uncommon ultrasonographically visible lesions of the scrotum and its content including abnormalities of the various testicular envelops, the spermatic cord, the testicular parenchyma, the epididymis and the internal genitalia are described and illustrated
Anatomie et examen échographique des organes génitaux chez le bélier et le bouc
Breeding soundness examination (BSE) of rams and bucks is performed by veterinarians as a service for producers to help identify males that may not be capable of settling females early in the breeding season and sire offspring with the genetic potential for rapid and efficient growth. In the routine BSE, palpation of the testis cannot assess with accuracy testicular parenchyma and presence of small lesions. Ultrasonography and testicular biometric parameters are a better approach for evaluation of the testes. In addition, testicular ultrasonography can be a important tool for the evaluation of scrotal circumference and testicular volume and prediction of fertility potential. To provide a basis for this BSE, this paper presents a detailed overview of the anatomy of ram and buck reproductive system and outlines the basis for ultrasonographic examination of the genital tract. Common and uncommon ultrasonographically visible lesions of the scrotum and its content including abnormalities of the various testicular envelops, the spermatic cord, the testicular parenchyma, the epididymis and the internal genitalia are described and illustrated.
Keywords: Ram, buck, breeding soundness examination, genital tract, anatomy, ultrasonography.Lâexamen de lâaptitude Ă la reproduction (EAR) des gĂ©niteurs rĂ©alisĂ© par les vĂ©tĂ©rinaires permet dâidentifier dĂšs le dĂ©but de la saison de reproduction, les mĂąles qui seraient capables de fertiliser des femelles. Ces mĂąles sont supposĂ©s garantir la production de descendants porteurs dâun potentiel gĂ©nĂ©tique qui assure une croissance rapide et efficace. Lors de la rĂ©alisation dâun EAR de routine, la palpation du testicule ne permet pas dâĂ©valuer avec prĂ©cision lâĂ©tat du parenchyme testiculaire et de dĂ©tecter la prĂ©sence de petites lĂ©sions. LâĂ©chographie et la dĂ©termination des paramĂštres biomĂ©triques testiculaires constituent une meilleure approche pour lâĂ©valuation de lâĂ©tat sanitaire des testicules. En outre, lâĂ©chographie testiculaire peut ĂȘtre un outil prĂ©cieux pour lâĂ©valuation de la circonfĂ©rence scrotale et du volume testiculaire et pour la prĂ©diction du potentiel de fertilitĂ©. Le prĂ©sent article prĂ©sente en dĂ©tail lâanatomie du systĂšme reproducteur du bĂ©lier et du bouc, et dĂ©crit ensuite les bases de lâexamen Ă©chographique du tractus gĂ©nital. Les lĂ©sions Ă©chographiquement visibles du scrotum et son contenu, y compris les anomalies des diffĂ©rentes enveloppes testiculaires, le cordon spermatique, le parenchyme testiculaire, lâĂ©pididyme et les organes gĂ©nitaux internes y sont dĂ©taillĂ©es et illustrĂ©es.
Mots-clés: Bélier, bouc, examen de reproduction, tractus génital, anatomie, échographie
Sex Disparities in the Treatment and Control of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes
OBJECTIVEâTo assess whether sex differences exist in the effective control and medication treatment intensity of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors
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An 8.22 Mb Assembly and Annotation of the Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) Y Chromosome.
The unique evolutionary dynamics and complex structure make the Y chromosome the most diverse and least understood region in the mammalian genome, despite its undisputable role in sex determination, development, and male fertility. Here we present the first contig-level annotated draft assembly for the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) Y chromosome based on hybrid assembly of short- and long-read sequence data of flow-sorted Y. The latter was also used for cDNA selection providing Y-enriched testis transcriptome for annotation. The final assembly of 8.22 Mb comprised 4.5 Mb of male specific Y (MSY) and 3.7 Mb of the pseudoautosomal region. In MSY, we annotated 15 X-degenerate genes and two novel transcripts, but no transposed sequences. Two MSY genes, HSFY and RBMY, are multicopy. The pseudoautosomal boundary is located between SHROOM2 and HSFY. Comparative analysis shows that the small and cytogenetically distinct alpaca Y shares most of MSY sequences with the larger dromedary and Bactrian camel Y chromosomes. Most of alpaca X-degenerate genes are also shared with other mammalian MSYs, though WWC3Y is Y-specific only in alpaca/camels and the horse. The partial alpaca Y assembly is a starting point for further expansion and will have applications in the study of camelid populations and male biology
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