13 research outputs found
High Speed Ultraviolet Phototransistors Based on an Ambipolar Fullerene Derivative
Combining high charge
carrier mobility with ambipolar transport in light-absorbing organic
semiconductors is highly desirable as it leads to enhanced charge
photogeneration, and hence improved performance, in various optoelectronic
devices including solar cells and photodetectors. Here we report the
development of [6,6]-phenyl-C<sub>61</sub>-butyric acid methyl ester
(PC<sub>61</sub>BM)-based ultraviolet (UV) phototransistors with balanced
electron and hole transport characteristics. The latter is achieved
by fine-tuning the sourceâdrain electrode work function using
a self-assembled monolayer. Opto/electrical characterization of as-prepared
ambipolar PC<sub>61</sub>BM phototransistors reveals promising photoresponse,
particularly in the UV-A region (315â400 nm), with a maximum
photosensitivity and responsivity of 9 Ă 10<sup>3</sup> and 3
Ă 10<sup>3</sup> A/W, respectively. Finally, the temporal response
of the PC<sub>61</sub>BM phototransistors is found to be high despite
the long channel length (10 s of ÎŒm) with typical switching
times of <2 ms
Controlling Conformations of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymers: Role of Torsional Angle
Transport of charge carriers through
conjugated polymers is strongly
influenced by the presence and distribution of structural disorders.
In the present work, structural defects caused by the presence of
torsional angle were investigated in a diketopyrrolopyrrole (<b>DPP</b>)-based conjugated polymer. Two new copolymers of <b>DPP</b> were synthesized with varying torsional angles to trace
the role of structural disorder. The optical properties of these copolymers
in solution and thin film reveal the strong influence of torsional
angle on their photophysical properties. A strong influence was observed
on carrier transport properties of polymers in organic field-effect
transistors (OFET) device geometry. The polymers based on phenyl DPP
with higher torsional angle (<b>PPTDPP</b>-OD-TEG) resulted
in high threshold voltage with less charge carrier mobility as compared
to the polymer based on thiophene DPP (<b>2DPP</b>-OD-TEG) bearing
a lower torsional angle. Carrier mobility and the molecular orientation
of the conjugated polymers were correlated on the basis of grazing
incidence X-ray scattering measurements showing the strong role of
torsional angle introduced in the form of structural disorder. The
results presented in this Article provide a deep insight into the
sensitivity of structural disorder and its impact on the device performance
of DPP-based conjugated polymers
Electrospray-Processed Soluble Acenes toward the Realization of High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors
Functionalized acenes have proven
to be promising compounds in the field of molecular electronics because
of their unique features in terms of the stability, performance, and
ease of processing. The emerging concept of large-area-compatible
techniques for flexible electronics has brought about a wide variety
of well-established techniques for the deposition of soluble acenes,
with spray-coating representing an especially fruitful approach. In
the present study, electrostatic spray deposition is proposed as an
alternative to the conventional spray-coating processes, toward the
realization of high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs),
on both rigid and flexible substrates. Particularly, a thorough study
on the effect of the solvent and spraying regime on the resulting
crystalline filmâs morphology is performed. By optimization
of the process conditions in terms of control over the size as well
as the crystallization scheme of the droplets, desirable morphological
features along with high-quality crystal domains are obtained. The
fabricated OFETs exhibit excellent electrical characteristics, with
high field-effect mobility up to 0.78 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V s), <i>I</i><sub>on</sub>/<i>I</i><sub>off</sub> >10<sup>4</sup>, and near-zero threshold voltages. Additionally, the good
performance of the OFETs realized on plastic substrates gives great
potentiality to the proposed method for applications in the challenging
field of large-area electronics
Fullerene/Cobalt Porphyrin Hybrid Nanosheets with Ambipolar Charge Transporting Characteristics
A novel supramolecular nanoarchitecture, comprising C<sub>60</sub>/Co porphyrin nanosheets, was prepared by a simple liquidâliquid
interfacial precipitation method and fully characterized by means
of optical microscopy, AFM, STEM, TEM, and XRD. It is established
that the highly crystalline C<sub>60</sub>/Co porphyrin nanosheets
have a simple (1:1) stoichiometry, and when incorporated in bottom-gate,
bottom-contact field-effect transistors (FETs), they show ambipolar
charge transport characteristics
Benzotrithiophene Copolymers: Influence of Molecular Packing and Energy Levels on Charge Carrier Mobility
The
planar benzotrithiophene unit (<b>BTT</b>) was incorporated
into four different donor polymers, and by systematically changing
the nature and positioning of the solubilizing alkyl side chains along
the conjugated backbone, the polymersâ frontier energy levels
and optoelectronic properties were controlled. Reducing the steric
hindrance along the polymer backbone lead to strong interchain aggregation
and highly ordered thin films, achieving hole mobilities of 0.04 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V s) in organic thin film transistors. In an attempt to
increase the polymerâs processability and reduce chain aggregation,
steric hindrance between alkyl side chains was exploited. As a result
of the increased solubility, the film forming properties of the polymer
could be improved, but at the cost of reduced hole mobilities in OFET
devices, due to the lack of long-range order in the polymer films
Influence of Side-Chain Regiochemistry on the Transistor Performance of High-Mobility, All-Donor Polymers
Three novel polythiophene isomers
are reported whereby the only
difference in structure relates to the regiochemistry of the solubilizing
side chains on the backbone. This is demonstrated to have a significant
impact on the optoelectronic properties of the polymers and their
propensity to aggregate in solution. These differences are rationalized
on the basis of differences in backbone torsion. The polymer with
the largest effective conjugation length is demonstrated to exhibit
the highest field-effect mobility, with peak values up to 4.6 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>â1</sup> s<sup>â1</sup>
Conjugated Copolymers of Vinylene Flanked Naphthalene Diimide
We report the synthesis of a novel
naphthalene diimide (NDI) monomer
containing two (tributylÂstannyl)Âvinyl groups. The utility of
this building block is demonstrated by its copolymerization with five
different electron-rich comonomers under Stille conditions. The resulting
high molecular weight polymers show red-shifted optical absorptions
in comparison to the analogous polymers without the vinylene spacer
and a significant increase in the intensity of the low-energy intramolecular
charge transfer band. The polymers all exhibit ambipolar behavior
in bottom-gate, top-contact organic thin-film transistors. The insertion
of a solution-processed barium hydroxide layer between the polymer
and the gold electrode led to unipolar behavior with improved electron
mobilities
Comparative Optoelectronic Study between Copolymers of Peripherally Alkylated Dithienosilole and Dithienogermole
Here we report a simple methodology for the synthesis
of dithienosilole
and dithienogermole monomers in which the necessary solubilizing long
chain alkyl groups are incorporated into the peripheral 3,5-positions
of the fused ring. We report four novel monomers in which methyl or
butyl groups are attached to the bridging Si and Ge atom. Copolymers
with bithiophene were synthesized by a Stille polymerization in high
molecular weight. We report the optical, electrical, electrochemical
and morphological properties of the resulting polymers. We find that
the nature of the bridging heteroatom (Si or Ge) has only a minor
influence on these properties, whereas the nature of the alkyl chain
attached to the bridging atom is found to have a much larger effect
Design and piezoelectric energy harvesting properties of a ferroelectric cyclophosphazene salt
Cyclophosphazenes offer a robust and easily modifiable platform for a diverse range of functional systems that have found applications in a wide variety of areas. Herein, for the first time, it reports an organophosphazene-based supramolecular ferroelectric [(PhCH2NH)6P3N3Me]I, [PMe]I. The compound crystallizes in the polar space group Pc and its thin-film sample exhibits remnant polarization of 5 ”C cmâ2. Vector piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurements indicated the presence of multiaxial polarization. Subsequently, flexible composites of [PMe]I are fabricated for piezoelectric energy harvesting applications using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as the matrix. The highest open-circuit voltages of 13.7 V and the maximum power density of 34.60 ”W cmâ2 are recorded for the poled 20 wt.% [PMe]I/TPU device. To understand the molecular origins of the high performance of [PMe]I-based mechanical energy harvesting devices, piezoelectric charge tensor values are obtained from DFT calculations of the single crystal structure. These indicate that the mechanical stress-induced distortions in the [PMe]I crystals are facilitated by the high flexibility of the layered supramolecular assembly.</p