O brendiranju žigova i pečata

MBP staining of murine organotypic brain slices shows myelin health status of all MOG-positive samples (MOG 1-10) and MOG-negative control (Ctrl 1) as well as healthy control sample (HC 1) in combination with human complement. (DOCX 6029 kb

IR–Spectrophotoelectrochemical Characterization of Mesoporous Semiconductor Films

A combined IR–spectroscopic and electrochemical approach for the study of photo- and bias-induced reactions at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface is presented. Information on the electronic structure of a mesoporous semiconductor nanoparticle network, concretely the density and distribution of band gap states, as well as the nature of solution species are analyzed in situ. It has been shown that under appropriate conditions the electrode potential determines the quasi-Fermi level throughout the mesoporous film and thus the occupation of IR-active band gap states, independently of the type of external perturbation, i.e., application of a bias voltage or electrode exposure to photons exceeding the semiconductor band gap at open circuit. Importantly, electronic properties of the semiconductor and vibrational properties of solution species can be addressed simultaneously by IR–spectroscopy. In addition, electrochemical methods provide a means for the active manipulation (in potentiostatic measurements) or the passive tracking (during open circuit potential decay) of the quasi-Fermi level in the mesoporous film together with the possibility of electron quantification (by charge extraction experiments)

Additional file 1: of An internet-based self-help intervention for older adults after marital bereavement, separation or divorce: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

SPIRIT 2013 Checklist: recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents. (PDF 169 kb

Reactive Porphyrin Adsorption on TiO₂ Anatase Particles: Solvent Assistance and the Effect of Water Addition

The surface functionalization of metal oxide nanoparticles with complex organic molecules can lead to optoelectronically very different material properties, depending on whether adsorption occurs at the solid–gas or solid–liquid interface. Here, we report on two different approaches to decorate anatase TiO₂ nanoparticle powders with 2<i>H</i>-tetraphenylporphyrin (2HTPP) molecules: (i) porphyrin adsorption in dispersions of organic liquids and (ii) gas-phase functionalization where evaporated porphyrin molecules attach to dehydrated particle surfaces in the absence of solvent molecules. In the latter case, a bottom-up approach is pursued to explore both the impact of organic solvent molecules and the impact of spurious water on the surface chemistry of porphyrin-sensitized TiO₂ nanoparticles. Vis diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence emission spectroscopy provide clear evidence for the promotion of interfacial reorganization processes of the adsorbate species by coadsorbed solvent molecules in liquids. Moreover, traces of spurious water were found to induce protonation–deprotonation reactions on the adsorbed porphyrins with a strong impact on the optical properties of the resulting hybrid materials

Charge-Transfer Reductive in Situ Doping of Mesoporous TiO₂ Photoelectrodes: Impact of Electrolyte Composition and Film Morphology

Some material properties not only depend on synthesis and processing parameters but also may significantly change during operation. This is particularly true for high-surface-area materials. We used a combined electrochemical and spectroscopic approach to follow the changes in the photoelectrocatalytic activity and in the electronic semiconductor properties of mesoporous TiO₂ films upon charge-transfer reductive doping. Shallow donors (i.e., electron/proton pairs) were introduced into the semiconductor by the application of an external potential or, alternatively, by band gap excitation under open circuit conditions. In the latter case, the effective open circuit doping potential depends critically on the electrolyte composition (e.g., the presence of electron or hole acceptors). Transient charge accumulation (electrons and protons) in nanoparticle electrodes results in a photocurrent enhancement that is attributed to the deactivation of recombination centers. In nanotube electrodes, the formation of a space–charge layer results in an additional decrease of charge recombination at positive potentials. Doping is transient in nanoparticle films but turns out to be stable for nanotube arrays

Electrons in the Band Gap: Spectroscopic Characterization of Anatase TiO₂ Nanocrystal Electrodes under Fermi Level Control

Macroscopic properties of semiconductor nanoparticle networks in functional devices strongly depend on the electronic structure of the material. Analytical methods allowing for the characterization of the electronic structure in situ, i.e., in the presence of an application-relevant medium, are therefore highly desirable. Here, we present the first spectral data obtained under Fermi level control of electrons accumulated in anatase TiO₂ electrodes in the energy range from the MIR to the UV (0.1–3.3 eV). Band gap states were electrochemically populated in mesoporous TiO₂ films in contact with an aqueous electrolyte. The combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements allows us for the first time to determine both the energetic location of the electronic ground states as well as the energies of the associated optical transitions in the energetic range between the fundamental absorption threshold and the onset of lattice absorption. On the basis of our observations, we attribute spectral contributions in the vis/NIR to d–d transitions of Ti³⁺ species and a broad MIR absorption, monotonically increasing toward lower wavenumbers, to a quasi-delocalization of electrons. Importantly, signal intensities in the vis/NIR and MIR are linearly correlated. Absorbance and extractable charge show the same exponential dependence on electrode potential. Our results demonstrate that signals in the vis/NIR and MIR are associated with an exponential distribution of band gap states

Additional file 1: of Exploring cued and non-cued motor imagery interventions in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomised feasibility trial and reliability study

CONSORT checklist for pilot and feasibility studies. (DOC 229 kb

Additional file 1: of An internet-based intervention for people with psychosis (EviBaS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Questionnaire about Side Effects Psychosis and Internet (QueSPI). (DOCX 20 kb

Additional file 2: of An internet-based intervention for people with psychosis (EviBaS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Intermediate Assessments Questionnaire. (DOCX 12 kb

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