Antiretroviral Drugs Protect Against HIV-1 Infection in Heterosexuals

BackgroundAntiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis is a promising approach for preventing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in heterosexual populations.MethodsWe conducted a randomized trial of oral antiretroviral therapy for use as preexposure prophylaxis among HIV-1-serodiscordant heterosexual couples from Kenya and Uganda. The HIV-1-seronegative partner in each couple was randomly assigned to one of three study regimens--once-daily tenofovir (TDF), combination tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC), or matching placebo--and followed monthly for up to 36 months. At enrollment, the HIV-1-seropositive partners were not eligible for antiretroviral therapy, according to national guidelines. All couples received standard HIV-1 treatment and prevention services.ResultsWe enrolled 4758 couples, of whom 4747 were followed: 1584 randomly assigned to TDF, 1579 to TDF-FTC, and 1584 to placebo. For 62% of the couples followed, the HIV-1-seronegative partner was male. Among HIV-1-seropositive participants, the median CD4 count was 495 cells per cubic millimeter (interquartile range, 375 to 662). A total of 82 HIV-1 infections occurred in seronegative participants during the study, 17 in the TDF group (incidence, 0.65 per 100 person-years), 13 in the TDF-FTC group (incidence, 0.50 per 100 person-years), and 52 in the placebo group (incidence, 1.99 per 100 person-years), indicating a relative reduction of 67% in the incidence of HIV-1 with TDF (95% confidence interval [CI], 44 to 81; P<0.001) and of 75% with TDF-FTC (95% CI, 55 to 87; P<0.001). Protective effects of TDF-FTC and TDF alone against HIV-1 were not significantly different (P=0.23), and both study medications significantly reduced the HIV-1 incidence among both men and women. The rate of serious adverse events was similar across the study groups. Eight participants receiving active treatment were found to have been infected with HIV-1 at baseline, and among these eight, antiretroviral resistance developed in two during the study.ConclusionsOral TDF and TDF-FTC both protect against HIV-1 infection in heterosexual men and women. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Partners PrEP ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00557245.)

Condom use and incarceration among STI clinic attendees in the Deep South

Abstract Background Incarceration history is associated with lower rates of condom use and increased HIV risk. Less is known about duration of incarceration and multiple incarcerations’ impact on condom use post-release. Methods In the current study, we surveyed 1,416 adults in Mississippi about their incarceration history and sexual risk behaviors. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to test associations between duration of incarceration, multiple incarcerations, socio-demographic factors, substance use, sexual behavior, and event level condom use at last sex. Results After adjusting for covariates, having been incarcerated for at least 6 months two or more times remained significantly associated with condomless sex. Conclusions This study found a strong, independent relationship between condom use and multiple, long-term incarceration events among patients in an urban STI clinic in the Deep South. The results suggest that duration of incarceration and multiple incarcerations have significant effects on sexual risk behaviors, underscoring the deleterious impact of long prison or jail sentences on population health. Our findings also suggest that correctional health care professionals and post-release providers might consider offering comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services and those providing community care should consider screening for previous incarceration as a marker of risk

Book Reviews

Book Reviews: I Respectfully Dissent: A Biography of Edward H. Nakamura. By Tom Coffman; The Barnstorming Hawaiian Travelers: A Multiethnic Baseball Team Tours the Mainland, 1912–1916. By Joel S. Franks; Aloha America: Hula Circuits Through the U.S. Empire. By Adria L. Imada; The Role of the American Board in the World: Bicentennial Reflections on the Organization’s Missionary Work, 1810–2010. Edited by Clifford Putney and Paul T. Burli

Copolymers of 4-Adamantylphenyl Methacrylate Derivatives with Methyl Methacrylate and Styrene

Three 4-(I-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate monomers were synthesized from 4-(l-adamantyl)phenol derivatives which were obtained by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of phenol, 2-methylphenol and 2,6-dimethylphenol with 1-bromoadamantane. Characterization of the monomers by IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR, GC and elemental analysis confirmed structures and purities. Copolymers of these new monomers with styrene were synthesized using free radical techniques. One series of 4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate was also prepared with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Copolymer compositions were evaluated by H-1 and C-13 solution NMR, and with FTIR. Reactivity ratios were estimated to have values of r(1) = 0.22 and r(2) = 1.51 for styrene and 4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate copolymers; r(1) = 0.31 and r(2) = 2.44 for styrene and 2-methyl-4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate; and r(1) = 0.97 and r(2) = 0 for styrene and 4-(1-adamantyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl methacrylate copolymers (J Polym Sci A 3 (1965) 369-87, J Macromol Sci Rev C4 (1970) 281). All homo- and copolymers were characterized using DSC and TGA to determine copolymer composition effects on T-g and thermal stability. The estimated T-g for the homopolymer of 4-(l-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate was 253 degreesC and the onset of decomposition was 250 degreesC in nitrogen. The homopolymer of 2-methyl-4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate had a T-g of 250 degreesC which was at the onset of decomposition in nitrogen. The homopolymer of 4-(1-adamantyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl methacrylate could not be obtained by free-radical polymerization. 4-(Adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate was incorporated into styrene copolymers at 1-30 mol% and gave T-g increases of cs. 5-60 degreesC over that of polystyrene, respectively. Incorporation of this monomer into MMA copolymers (0.75-35 mol%) resulted in T-g increases of ca. 6-70 degreesC over that of poly(methyl methacylate). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Evaluation of the Spacer Effect on Adamantane-Containing Vinyl Polymer T-g\u27s

Two new adamantane-containing methacrylates having methylene and phenyl spacers between the adamantane and the methacrylate were synthesized: 1-adamardylmethyl methacrylate (AdMMA 1) and 4-(l-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate (AdPMA, 2). The homopolymer of 1 had a T-g of 201 degrees C while 2 showed a T-g of 253 degrees C. Copolymers of both monomers with styrene (St) showed significant T-g increases over PSt. The incremental increase obtained with AdPMA per adamantane unit is the highest of all vinyl monomers reported to date, to the best of our knowledge, with a value of 2.2 degrees C/mol %. Both sets of copolymers showed higher incorporation of adamantane monomers in the copolymer than the feed, with reactivity ratios calculated to be r(1)(St) = 0.22 and r(2)(AdPMB) = 1.52 and r(1)(St) = 0.94 and r(2)(AdMMA) = 1.54

Additional file 8: of Mechanically tuned 3 dimensional hydrogels support human mammary fibroblast growth and viability

Material 4, Cell Viability 20 and 30 μg, Cell viability analyses for HMFs encapsulated in 20 and 30 μg hydrogels. (XLSX 10 kb

Additional file 13: of Mechanically tuned 3 dimensional hydrogels support human mammary fibroblast growth and viability

Material 9, Proliferation 75 and 100 μg, Proliferation analyses for HMFs encapsulated in 75 and 100 μg hydrogels. (XLSX 12 kb

La Partie de campagne, opéra comique en 1 acte, paroles de Monsieur Lamartellière, représenté pour la premier (sic) fois sur le Théâtre Feydeau, le 29 Juin 1810

Présentation musicale : [Partition d'orchestre