The role of socio–economic factors in education status of vamaradchchy division

In today’s world education helps man to live properly. In this respect, at present stage Third World Countries play an important role in the development of education. To suit this trend literacy development of Sri Lanka helps to provide free education. Even it is so, socio – economic factors gain importance in the decline of education level. In Asia, Sri Lanka is in the high rank in literacy (92.5%). It becomes important to carry out educational level research in the Vadamaradchchcy division which is in Jaffna district. The effort of the researcher is viewed as conducive to socio- economic factors, it helps to education and to the development of the region as well. Future education restructuring is indispensable considering the past education level. The research conducted in this respect would be very useful. In this way the, relationship was found out with the help of statistical methods. There is a negative relationship found between the level of education of parents, irregular attendance, socio – economic environment the number of children and educational achievement. In the education level of the school children of the research area is to identify on what extend and what type of influence are exerted by socio – economic factors also analyzed in this research. The schools in Karaveddy, Pointpedro, and Marujankeny in the Vadamaradchchy division were taken for research. 226 students from two developed schools and tow les developed school were subjected for this research and the role of socio – economic factors also analysed. This socio – economic factors such as school attendance, educational level of parent, their interests, displacement, education facilities, private education facilities, addiction to liquor of father, Family and socio economic levels, living environment, number of children in the family also influence the education level. The result for obtained considering the above hypothesis. In this respect socio –economic factors are found to have significant influence in the educational level of students in the research area

EFFICACY OF HYDROTROPES ON THE SOLUBILITY OF FORSKOLIN IN WATER

Objective: The main purpose of this study is to assess quantitatively, the effect of the addition of hydrotropes, namely urea, sodium salicylate, and sodium benzoate on the solubility of forskolin in water, and to compare the efficacy of hydrotropes in increasing aqueous solubility of forskolin. Hydrotropes were chosen for this study, based on their wavelengths, and physical properties. Methods: The maximum wavelength of absorption of forskolin was determined spectrophotometrically, using a UV-Vis spectrometer. It was found to be 220 nm and was instrumental in the selection of hydrotropes for this experiment. Physical properties (viscosity, specific gravity and surface tension) of the chosen hydrotropes, namely sodium salicylate, urea, and sodium benzoate, were measured, over a range of concentrations and they indicated the approximate value of the minimum hydrotrope concentration of each hydrotrope. Stock solutions (1M) of the hydrotropes chosen, were prepared, and this was followed by, preparation of standard samples of forskolin, in hydrotropic solutions. These samples were analyzed spectroscopically, to obtain the characteristic calibration curves, for each hydrotrope. Solubility studies were then conducted, and the data obtained, was used to calculate enhancement ratios, which is a measure of the efficacy of a hydrotrope, in increasing aqueous solubility of a solute. Results: The addition of hydrotropes showed a remarkable increase in aqueous solubility of forskolin. Sodium salicylate proved more effective registering an enhancement ratio of 297.02, compared to sodium benzoate, which recorded a ratio of 296.97 and urea which showed a ratio of 43.35. Conclusion: Sodium salicylate and sodium benzoate showed very high enhancement ratios when compared to urea. This enhanced performance can be attributed to the large number of carbon atoms and the cyclic structure, which increases the hydrophobic nature of the hydrotrope. Higher efficacy of sodium salicylate can be ascribed to, the presence of hydroxyl group which increases the aqueous solubility of sodium salicylate, leading to better hydrotropic action. Keywords: Forskolin, Hydrotropy, Solubility, UV Spectrometry, Sodium salicylate, Sodium benzoate, Ure

The effect of hydrotropes on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of 2-nitrobenzoic acid

A comprehensive investigation on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient enhancement of 2-nitrobenzoic acid through hydrotropy, has been undertaken. The solubility and mass transfer coefficient studies were carried out using hydrotropes such as sodium acetate, citric acid and nicotinamide under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). It was found that the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of 2-nitrobenzoic acid increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. All hydrotropes used in this work showed an enhancement in the solubility and mass transfer coefficient to different degrees. The maximum enhancement factor value has been determined for both the solubility and mass transfer coefficient. The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschnew constant Ks and reported for all the hydrotropes used in this study

The effect of hydrotropes on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of 2-nitrobenzoic acid

A comprehensive investigation on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient enhancement of 2-nitrobenzoic acid through hydrotropy, has been undertaken. The solubility and mass transfer coefficient studies were carried out using hydrotropes such as sodium acetate, citric acid and nicotinamide under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). It was found that the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of 2-nitrobenzoic acid increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. All hydrotropes used in this work showed an enhancement in the solubility and mass transfer coefficient to different degrees. The maximum enhancement factor value has been determined for both the solubility and mass transfer coefficient. The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschnew constant Ks and reported for all the hydrotropes used in this study