Nutrient composition, volatile fatty acids production, digestible organic matter and anti-nutrtional factors of some agro-industrial by-products of Ethiopia

Nutrients, metabolizable energy (ME), anti-nutritional factors, digestible organic matter (DOM) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) production of 17 agro-industrial by-products from Ethiopia were determined. Highest amount of ash was found in fishmeal (FM) and of lignin in sisal waste (SW) and banana peels (BP). Cabbage leftover (CL), onion peels (OnP), papaya peels (PaP) and FM had high CP (137 to 490 g/kg DM) and NPN (51 to 141 g CP/kg DM); distillery by-product (DB) and brewery by-product (BB) had high CP (179 and 187 g/kg DM) and NDF (535 and 396 g/kg DM, respectively) but low NPN (21 and 9 g CP/kg DM). CL, OnP, PaP and FM had low NDF (576±9 g/kg DM) except avocado peels (AP) and BB. VFA concentrations were >19.1±1.8 mM except in CPa,FM and AP (< 12.1±2.9 mM). Coffee pulp (CPu), CL and MP had high total phenolics (123 to 151 g/kg DM) and tannin (42 to 86 g/kg DM). BP had largest amount of phytate. Hemolytic activity (saponin) was detected in FM, potato peels, SW, CPa and CL. The feeds can serve as sources of energy and protein

Effects of supplementation of different indigenous species of browses to Arsi-Bale yearling goats on feed intake, growth performance, and helminthes loads

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of browse tree leaves meals on growth performance and parasite load of naturally parasitized yearling goats. Thirty-six Arsi-Bale yearling bucks which were naturally parasitized with helminths were randomly allocated to one of the following feeding treatments; T1 = Chloris gayana grass hay ad lib + 100g concentrate, T2 = T1 + dried 100g of Acacia tortilis leaves, T3 = T1 + dried 100g of Acacia seyal leaves, T4 = T1 + dried 100g of Acacia senegal leaves, T5 = T1 + dried 100g of Millettia ferruginea leaves and T6 = T1 + dried 100g of Vernonia amygadalina leaves. Goats were fed on corresponding diets for 70 days. Fecal egg count and body weight changes were recorded every 14 days. Higher feed conversion efficiency was observed in goats supplemented with dried browse tree leaves of Acacia seyal (T3), Millettia ferruginea (T5), and Vernonia amygadalina (T6). All supplemented goats had significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower fecal egg count (FEC) at day 70 and grew significantly (p&lt;0.05) faster than the control group. Goats supplemented with dried browse tree leaves of Acacia seyal, Millettia ferruginea, and Vernonia amygadalina grew faster than goats supplemented with other dried browse tree leaves. A rapid and significant reduction of FEC was observed in goats supplemented with Millettia ferruginea starting from day 14 and the lowest (p&lt;0.05) value was attained at day 70 after treatment. Similarly, goats supplemented with Vernonia amygadalina showed an accelerated reduction of FEC starting from day 28 and attained the lowest (p&lt;0.05) value at day 70 after treatment. Goats supplemented with Millettia ferruginea (T5) and Vernonia amygadalina (T6) had the lowest (p&lt;0.05) FEC at all times after supplementation and grew faster than the other groups. The rapid and accelerated reduction of FECs and fastest growth rate observed in goats supplemented with Millettia ferruginea and Vernonia amygadalina indicated that these browse tree leaves could be effective to control helminths parasite and improve the growth performance of parasitized goats

Anthelminthic effects of extracts of indigenous browses from mid rift valley of Ethiopia

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential anthelminthic properties of extracts of leaves of indigenous browses (Acacia seyal, Acacia senegal, Acacia tortilis, Millettia ferruginea, and Vernonia amygadalina) based on three in vitro assays. Acetone extracts of browses at different concentrations (75 to 1200 μg/ml, for egg and larvae and 100mg/ml for an adult) were tested on three developmental stages of Haemonchus contortus (eggs, infective larvae, and adult worms) using egg hatch assay (EHA), larval migration inhibition assay (LMIA) and adult worm motility inhibition assay (AMIA). Significant effects were obtained with all five browses but differences were observed depending on the parasitic stages. The effects of five browse extracts on egg hatching were concentration-dependent, the highest (P&lt;0.05) egg hatch inhibition rate was observed at 1200 μg/ml concentration for all browses. All extracts had a higher effect (P&lt;0.01) than that of the negative control, phosphate buffer saline (PBS). In contrast, no concentration-response relationship was found for infective larvae and adult worms, although more potent effects were observed with the highest concentrations. The LMI rate (70%) induced by Vernonia&nbsp; amygadalina extract, at a concentration of 300 μg/ml, was the highest (P&lt;0.05) of all other browses, even at higher concentrations. The highest LMI rate (62%) induced by Acacia senegal extract at higher concentration, was lower than that of LMI rate (70%) induced by Vernonia amygadalina, at 300 μg/ml concentration. Vernonia amygadalina was found to be highly and rapidly effective against adult worms inducing the highest mortality rate (90%) as soon as 4 hrs after incubation. Overall, the in vitro results suggest that these five&nbsp; browses do possess anti-parasitic properties and Vernonia amygadalina showed the most effective anti-parasitic property. These effects remain to be confirmed through in vivo study

Effect of rate of inclusion of fishmeal prepared by cooking and sun drying of fish offal on feed intake and nutrient retention of growing Rhode Island Red chicks

Effect of cooked and sun dried fish offal on intake and nutrient retention of growing Rhode Island Red (RIR) chicks in southern Ethiopia was evaluated. Unsexed day old RIR chicks were uniformly brooded, vaccinated against Gumboro and Newcastle diseases. At the age of 14 days, 10 chicks were assigned to each of the 5 replicates of the 6 dietary groups, fed for 11 weeks and daily group feed intakes were recorded. The control diet (T1) consisted of Maize (34.1%), wheat short+bran (21.0%), limestone (1.20%), salt (0.5%), premix (0.1%), lysine (0.05%), methioinine (0.05%), roasted soybean (27.0%) and noug cake (16.0%); the rest of the diets contained all ingredients in the control plus fishmeal at rates of 3.32% (T2), 6.64% (T3), 9.96% (T4), 13.28% (T5), and 16.6% (T6) of the diet and had 19.76, 18.89, 19.82, 18.44, 18.96 and 19.20% cp, respectively. At the beginning of the feeding trial, 13 chicks representing initial body weight of those in the trial were stunned by dislocation of the neck. At the end, one male and one female chick from each of the 3 replicates of each of the 6 treatment groups were systematically selected, tagged, fasted for 12 hours, weighed, and stunned by dislocation of the neck. All carcasses were kept intact in deep freezer at -20°C and then cut into small pieces in freezing condition, minced and dried in an oven at 65°C for 80 hours, ground, homogenized and chemically analyzed. Chicks fed T1 had significantly (

Assessment of Feed Resource Availability and Quality in Kedida Gamela District, Southern Ethiopia

Availability of major livestock feed resources, their chemical composition and balance between available feed resources and requirements of existing tropical livestock units (TLU) in Kedida Gamela district (Southern Ethiopia) were assessed. A survey was conducted on 100 sample households (HH) and data collected using group discussions, structured questionnaire and personal observations. Furthermore, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility (IVDMD) of major feed resources identified (natural pasture and crop residues) were also determined. A total of 28,675 tonnes of DM were produced annually for a total of 40,080 TLU which satisfies only 31.4% of their maintenance requirement. Maize stover and wheat straw contain lowest ash and from agro-industrial by-products noug cake and wheat bran the highest ash content. The highest (p0.05) between the agro-industrial by-products. The highest acid detergent lignin content for roughage feed was recorded from maize stover to natural pasture and the highest from agro-industrial by-products was recorded from wheat bran to noug cake. Differences in IVDMD for major feed resources were not significant (P>0.05). The differences in nutrient composition and IVDMD of the feed resources in midland and highland followed similar trend, although there were slight differences in nutrient content and IVDMD of similar feedstuffs from the two altitudinal zones. In conclusion, the main feed resource is crop residues which are of low quality with high fiber content, low digestibility which may result in reduced livestock productivity and disease resistance. Chopping followed by soaking or ammonaition or urea treatment could be suggested to improve quality of the roughages

EFFECTS OF FEEDING Moringa stenopetala LEAF MEAL ON NUTRIENT INTAKE AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF RHODE ISLAND RED CHICKS UNDER TROPICAL CLIMATE

The effects of Moringa stenopetala leaf meal (MSLM) on nutrient intake and weight gain (WG) were evaluated. Forty unsexed Rhode Island Red chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups. The control diet (T1) (MSLM 0%), the experimental diets contained MSML at a rate of 2% (T2), 4% (T3), and 6% (T4) of the diets (as fed basis) to replace 3%, 5.9% and 8.8% of the crude protein (CP) of the control diet. Daily feed, dry matter and CP intake of the chicks fed MSLM diets were higher (

FEED RESOURCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS:THE CASE OF UMBULO WHACO WATERSHED IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

A study was conducted to assess the prevailing feed resources and feeding management systems in Umbulo Wacho watershed, southern Ethiopia. The data used in the current study were obtained through individual interviews conducted on 85 randomly selected livestock owners, group discussions with key informants and from secondary sources. In the study area, livestock provide draught power, milk, meat and manure. Cattle were the dominant livestock species and cows comprised 36% of the total number of cattle. The average landholding per household was 0.7 ha, of which 0.1 ha was reported as grazing land. Communal and private grazing lands were gradually shrinking due to the expansion of crop production. This led to the growing practice of tethering and stall-feeding. The annual feed DM yield was only two-third of the DM requirement for livestock kept in the area. Natural pasture, crop residues, crop stubbles, enset by-products and sugarcane top were among the main feed resources. Crop residues were found to be major feed resources for the livestock in the study area, particularly during the dry season in which the biomass of the natural grazing lands is very minimal. Enhancing the quantity and quality of crop-residues will, therefore, be expected to bring about a positive impact on livestock production

Effects of dietary crude protein level on the digestibility of nutrients, excretion of fecal N and urinary N-fractions and the kinetics of 15N labeled urea in growing male goat kids

A feeding trial was conducted with 16 male Saanen kids (4 kids/treatment) weighing 19.0 ± 1.8 kg in the middle of which they were subject to a metabolism trial and kept in cages for 14 days for a quantitative 10 days collection of excreta. Kids were fed a constant amount of the four diets formulated out of molassessed wheat straw [55 g crude protein (cp) per kg dry matter (dm)] and pelleted concentrates having 87, 117, 144 and 176 g cp/kg dm. They were injected about 100 mg of 15N-labeled urea into the jugular vein at the beginning of the collection period. Nutrient digestibility, fecal N and urinary N-fractions, N and 15N balances were measured; irreversible loss (il) of urea from the body urea pool (bup) and the kinetics of N in the body calculated. Increasing dietary cp increased digestibility of organic matter (om) from 71% to 80% and of crude fiber (cf) from 28% to 58%; excretion of fecal N by 56%; of urea N by 93%; proportion of N of urea, allantoin, creatinine, uric acid plus hypoxanthine in urinary N from 31% to 66%, 12% to 22%, 3% to 12%, and by 1.7%, respectively; irreversible iron (il) of N from 1.98 to 12.24 g/d; transfer of urea to gastro-intestinal tract (git) from 1.58 to 6.69 g/d (i.e., equivalent to 80% to 55% of il); recycling of the degraded urea N to metabolic pool from 1.22 to 6.12 g/d; but it has decreased the proportion of retained N of bup origin from 38 to 30% and excretion of urinary non-urea N from source other than bup was constant. Excretion of urea is the mechanism by which goat kids adapt to variable supply of dietary protein. Excretion of fecal N was more closely related to dm intake, while that of urea N to dietary cp level and of purine derivatives (pd) to digestible om intake. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science Volume 24, No. 2 (December 2001), pp. 265-282 Key words/phrases: Goat kids, 15N kinetics, N-metabolism, protein, ure