Response evolution of the CMS ECAL and R&D studies for electromagnetic calorimetry at the High-Luminosity LHC

While the CMS experiment is currently harvesting LHC collision data at CERN, the performance of its electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is being constantly monitored, and work has started to assess the need for changes to the detector to ensure an adequate performance for High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) running, which is planned for 2022 and beyond. In this paper, results from CMS running, beam tests and laboratory measurements are combined to anticipate the detector performance evolution at the HL-LHC. Further, various R&D studies are illustrated, that will provide a useful choice for electromagnetic calorimetry at the HL-LHC.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

Crystals for high-energy calorimeters in extreme environments

Scintillating crystals are used for calorimetry in several high-energy physics experiments. For many of them, performance has to be ensured in very difficult operating conditions, like a high radiation environment and large particle fluxes, which place constraints on response and readout time. An overview is presented of the knowledge reached up to date, and of the newest achievements in the field, with particular attention given to the performance of Lead Tungstate crystals exposed to large particle fluxes.Comment: To be published in Proc. 9th ICATPP Conference on Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics, Detectors and Medical Physics Applications, Como, Italy, October 17th to 21st, 200

High-energy proton induced damage study of scintillation light output from PbWO4 calorimeter crystals

Eight PbWO4 crystals produced for the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at LHC have been irradiated in a 20 GeV/c proton beam up to fluences of 5.4 E13 p/cm2. The damage recovery in these crystals, stored in the dark at room temperature, has been followed for over a year. Comparative irradiations with 60Co photons have been performed on seven other crystals using a dose rate of 1 kGy/h. The issue whether hadrons cause a specific damage to the scintillation mechanism has been studied through light output measurements on the irradiated crystals using cosmic rays. The correlation between light output changes and light transmission changes is measured to be the same for proton-irradiated crystals and for gamma-irradiated crystals. Thus, within the precision of the measurements and for the explored range of proton fluences, no additional, hadron-specific damage to the scintillation mechanism is observed.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

First results on radiation damage in PbWO4 crystals exposed to a 20 GeV/c proton beam

We have exposed seven full length production quality crystals of the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS detector to a 20 GeV/c proton beam at the CERN PS accelerator. The exposure was done at fluxes of 10**12 p/cm**2/h and 10**13 p/cm**2/h and integral fluences of 10**12 p/cm**2 and 10**13 p/cm**2 were reached at both rates. The light transmission of the crystals was measured after irradiation and suitable cooling time for induced radioactivity to decrease to a safe level. First results of these measurements are shown. The possible damage mechanisms are discussed and simulations based on one possible model are presented. The implications for long-term operation of CMS are discussed and it is shown that in the whole barrel and at least most of the ECAL endcap hadron damage alone - even if cumulative - should not cause the crystals to fail the CMS specification of an induced absorption coefficient muIND < 1.5 /m during the first 10 years of LHC operation.Comment: 5 pages, to be published in Proc. ICATPP Conference on Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics, Detectors and Medical Physics Applications (Como, Italy, 6 to 10 October 2003

Comparison between high-energy proton and charged pion induced damage in Lead Tungstate calorimeter crystals

A Lead Tungstate crystal produced for the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at the LHC was cut into three equal-length sections. The central one was irradiated with 290 MeV/c positive pions up to a fluence of (5.67 +- 0.46)x10^13 /cm^2, while the other two were exposed to a 24 GeV/c proton fluence of (1.17 +- 0.11) x 10^13/ cm^2. The damage recovery in these crystals, stored in the dark at room temperature, has been followed over two years. The comparison of the radiation-induced changes in light transmission for these crystals shows that damage is proportional to the star densities produced by the irradiation.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Performance studies of scintillating ceramic samples exposed to ionizing radiation

Scintillating ceramics are a promising, new development for various applications in science and industry. Their application in calorimetry for particle physics experiments is expected to involve an exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation. In this paper, changes in performance have been measured for scintillating ceramic samples of different composition after exposure to penetrating ionizing radiation up to a dose of 38 kGy.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, to be published in the 2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Recor

IMU calibration without mechanical equipment. (Calibrazione di IMU svincolata da apparati meccanici)

Si propone un metodo completo di protocollo e algoritmo per la raccolta dei dati e la loro elaboarzione al fine di calibrare un IMU, compensandone errori dovuti al disallinemento degli assi, fattori di scala non unitari e bias. Si propone un innovtivo detector di staticità. Si usa il metodo di Runge-Kutta del quart'ordine per una robusta integrazione numerica. Il metodo propoosto e infine testato con un esteso set di simulazioni e con sperimentazione su un IMU reale ottenendo ottimi risultatiopenEmbargo per motivi editorial

Crystals for high-energy calorimetry in extreme environments

Crystals are used as a homogeneous calorimetric medium in many high-energy physics experiments. For some experiments, performance has to be ensured in very difficult operating conditions, like a high radiation environment, very large particle fluxes, high collision rates, placing constraints on response and readout time. An overview is presented of recent achievements in the field, with particular attention given to the performance of Lead Tungstate (PWO) crystals exposed to high particle fluxes.Comment: To be published in Proc. of the Meeting of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society, DPF2004 (Riverside, USA, August 26th to 31st, 2004

Studies of the effect of charged hadrons on lead tungstate crystals

Scintillating crystals are used for calorimetry in several high-energy physics experiments. For some of them, performance has to be ensured in difficult operating conditions, like a high radiation environment, very large particle fluxes and high collision rates. Results are presented here from a thorough series of measurements concerning mainly the effect of charged hadrons on lead tungstate. It is also shown how these results can be used to predict the effect on crystals due to a given flux of particles.Comment: Submitted to Proceedings Calor 2008 - XIII International Conference on Calorimetry in High Energy Physics, Pavia (Italy) 26-30 May 2008. To be published in Journal of Physics: Conference Series (8 pages, 16 figures

Manufacturing-as-a-Service (MaaS): state-of-the-art of up and running solutions and a framework to assess the level of development of a Cloud Manufacturing platform

During the last decades manufacturers tried to find new sources of flexibility because of the uncertainty of the market. Both practitioners and academics started to study new paradigms aiming to make companies more flexible up and downstream of their value chains leveraging on suppliers and customers. Cloud Manufacturing (CM) is certainly one of the most interesting concepts because it comes from the success of Cloud Computing and belongs to the complex fourth industrial revolution (i.e. Industry 4.0 paradigm). It has been introduced in 2010, defined as the “manufacturing version of cloud computing” where manufacturing resources are available to users on-demand, with outstanding flexibility. CM pursues the idea of creating Manufacturing as-a-Service (MaaS) leveraging on the benefits of the platform economy. In spite of its interest, after ten years debate there is not consensus on the essential characteristics of this paradigm because of the very limited number of real applications (prototypes excluded). In this paper we explore 6 cases of up and running platforms which resemble some of the characteristics of CM, define them as “CM Early adopters” and inductively propose a framework to assess the level of development of a CM platform. This study contributes to theory as it shows that CM is already arising in some businesses, the approach to the paradigm can vary significantly from one case to another, and different levels of development can be assessed. From a managerial point of view, this paper helps to understand the CM paradigm as it shows concrete examples of real companies pursuing the MaaS idea. In conclusion, MaaS seems ready to land on some industrial sectors and this can be either a new opportunity for competitiveness or a serious threat