Host plants used by the Lepidoptera of the Zackenberg Valley, Northeast Greenland.

<p>A) field records of host plant use (only larvae found actively feeding are included here); B) acceptance of host plants in laboratory rearings conducted at Zackenberg; C) acceptance of host plants in laboratory rearings conducted in Helsinki, as based on locally available species (congeneric with their High-Arctic counterparts). Panel A) is based on observations from 2009–2012; panels B) and C) on data from 2009–2010. Arabic numerals refer to species as given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone-0067367-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. [Footnote:] <i>Gynaephora groenlandica</i> here offers a special case as, contrary to other species, the larvae spend most of their time basking, not feeding <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone.0067367-Kukal1" target="_blank">[101]</a>. Hence, we have obtained very few records of host plant selection in the field. In the laboratory, the larvae (<i>n</i>_total = 95) were only fed <i>Salix</i>, thereby contributing no information.</p

Quantitative host-parasitoid food web of Lepidoptera and their parasitoids of the Zackenberg Valley.

<p>Each bar at the lower level represents a host species and each bar at the upper level a parasitoid species. Hyperparasitoids have been offset to a higher level. Inside the host bars, the black part indicates parasitized host individuals and the grey part unparasitized ones. Lines between hosts and parasitoids describe trophic interactions, with the width of the line proportional to the frequency of the interaction. For each bar, its width represents the relative abundance of the respective taxon, with parasitoids scaled as 6.1× hosts. For more details on specific parasitoid taxa, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone.0067367-Vrkonyi1" target="_blank">[66]</a>. Arabic numerals refer to species as given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone-0067367-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Quantitative herbivore overlap diagram showing the amount of herbivores shared between plant species.

<p>Plants are represented by discs, the size of which shows the total amount of herbivores using the respective species (as collected while feeding on it). The width of each vertex represents the amount of herbivores shared between one plant and another (i.e. the probability that a herbivore feeding on plant species <i>i</i> itself fed as a larva on species <i>j</i>).</p

Host and parasitoid taxa encountered in rearings from the Zackenberg Valley.

<p>Trophic levels separate hosts (trophic level 2) from parasitoids (trophic level 3) and hyperparasitoids (trophic level 4). Taxon-specific numbers in column “Code” identify taxa in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone-0067367-g002" target="_blank">Figs. 2</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone-0067367-g004" target="_blank">4</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone-0067367-g005" target="_blank">5</a>.</p>a<p>As the larval characters of <i>Boloria chariclea</i> (Schneider, 1794) and <i>Boloria polaris</i> (Boisduval, 1828) are unknown, they have been combined as <i>Boloria</i> spp.</p>b<p>The identity of <i>Entephria</i> taxa occurring at Zackenberg is currently being clarified by rearing and DNA sequencing techniques<b>.</b></p

Mortality rates on<i>Sympistis nigrita</i> as incurred by different predator guilds.

<p>During the 25 days that the species spends as a larva, we estimate that 38% will be eaten by spiders, 8% will be eaten by birds and 15% will be parasitized, leaving 46% to successfully pupate. The fact that a fraction of larvae carrying parasitoids will actually be consumed by either birds or spiders (cross-hatched sections within respective fractions) yields scope for indirect interactions among predator guilds.</p

Individual Based Model Simulations

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Instructions for participants

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Data on Dummy Caterpillars

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Data sheet

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